Cefuroxime concentrations in serum, joint fluid and bone in elderly patients undergoing arthroplasty after administration of cefuroxime axetil.
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Aged↗
Biomedical subjects
J Renneberg
Publications and source records attributed to J Renneberg.
Antibody response to Staphylococcus aureus whole cell, lipase and staphylolysin in patients with S. aureus infections.
Three assays to measure antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus whole cells, lipase and staphylolysin were used to try to discriminate between complicated and uncomplicated S. aureus septicaemia. Sera were examined from 8 patients with S. aureus endocarditis, 23 patients with complicated S. aureus septicaemia, 12 patients with uncomplicated S. aureus septicaemia and 93 febrile non-septicaemic controls. No single assay could distinguish between complicated and uncomplicated S. aureus septicaemia. If the criterion for a positive result is defined as positive antibody level in the anti-lipase ELISA as well as in at least 1 of the other 2 assays, 10/31 patients with S. aureus endocarditis or complicated septicaemia were positive compared to 0/93 non-septicaemic patients and 0/12 patients with uncomplicated S. aureus septicaemia. Therefore, the combined use of serological assays in the diagnosis of complicated S. aureus septicaemia, one of which is the anti-lipase ELISA, is recommended.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Epidemiological studies of penicillin resistance in Danish Staphylococcus aureus strains in the period 1977-1990.
During the period 1977-1990 the frequency of penicillin resistance increased from 78.7 to 87.5% among a total of 278,193 Danish Staphylococcus aureus strains from hospitalized patients. By combining these data with phage-type patterns the increase was shown to be caused by 1) the introduction and spread of mainly resistant strains of type 95 and the 94,96 complex; 2) an increased occurrence of strains of group II which during the observation period became more frequently penicillin resistant; and 3) a gradual disappearance of strains of group III and the 83A complex which showed a decreasing degree of penicillin resistance. During the observation period community acquired strains reached nearly the same level of penicillin resistance as the hospital-acquired strains, and the frequency of penicillin resistance did not increase during hospitalization among the predominant strains of type 95, group II and the 94,96 complex. S. aureus isolated from airways had a higher frequency of penicillin resistance mainly caused by increasing amount of penicillin resistant strains of group II. Strains from urine had a lower frequency of penicillin resistance. The total antibiotic consumption and the usage of beta-lactam antibiotics remained nearly unchanged during the observation period. The frequent use of beta-lactam antibiotics for airway infections might explain the possible selection of penicillin resistant strains of group II.
Cross Infection↗
An evaluation of a commercial co-agglutination test for the diagnosis of group A streptococcal tonsillitis in a family practice.
The result of a rapid co-agglutination test was compared with the clinical diagnosis of group A streptococcal tonsillitis, a laboratory culture from the throat serving as the correct result. The study was carried out in a family practice, with two GPs partaking: it included 105 consecutive patients. The outcome of the rapid test was significantly correlated to the degree of growth determined by throat culture, and it was superior to the clinical judgement. The statistical analysis of the results of the rapid test revealed (95% confidence limits in brackets) a specificity of 97% (91-100), sensitivity of 68% (48-84), a positive predictive value of 90% (70-99), and a negative predictive value of 89% (81-95). Although the co-agglutination test was superior to the clinical diagnosis, the sensitivity of this test is rather low when compared with other recently evaluated rapid tests for use in family practice.
Adolescent↗
Occurrence of antibodies to pneumococcal protein antigens in experimental acute otitis media.
To study serological antibody response to pneumococcal protein antigens, experimental pneumococcal (type 3) acute otitis media (AOM) was induced in 6 rats, sera being analysed with the Western blot technique at different intervals after bacterial challenge. The most striking finding was a distinct antibody response to a protein of about 35 kDa visible in 5 of the rat sera within 14 days, and persisting throughout the remainder of the study (i.e., 56 days in all). Moreover, appear to be a phenomenon restricted to type 3 pneumococci. Both the pathogenetic importance of this protein and the immunological response it evokes are still unclear. However, as antibodies to protein antigens may contribute to inflammatory reactions in the middle ear (e.g., otitis media with effusion), this 35-kDa protein might be important for the development of sequelae to AOM.
Acute Disease↗
Western blot analysis of immunoglobulin G antibodies to pneumococcal protein antigens in healthy adults.
Using the Western Blot technique, sera from apparently healthy individuals were shown to contain antibodies against pneumococcal protein antigens of different molecular weights. A remarkable correlation was found to exist between the number of protein bands stained and the level of antibodies to type-specific carbohydrate antigens and C-polysaccharide. The findings suggest that the presence of antibodies against protein antigens reflects past infection with pneumococci.
Adult↗
Shigella sonnei sepsis after splenectomy and portacaval shunt.
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Adult↗
Western blot analysis of the antibody response in patients with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis and septicemia.
The antibody response in patients with Listeria monocytogenes septicemia and/or meningitis was investigated using Western blot analysis (WBA). Protein antigen preparations were produced from two strains of Listeria monocytogenes, representing serogroup 1 and 4, by sonication and differential centrifugation. IgG antibodies from 8 (50%) of 16 patients with culture verified septicemia and/or meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes reacted with a 93 kDa antigen from serogroup 1, in contrast to IgG antibodies from only 1 (2%) of 51 controls; these controls represented 21 patients with infections caused by other bacteria and 30 apparently healthy blood donors. Furthermore, IgM antibodies from 3 (19%) of the patients with listeric infections bound to a 106 kDa protein antigen in contrast to none of the controls. In 3 (33%) of 9 patients from whom acute and convalescence serum were available, the patients responded by producing antibodies against new protein antigens. Current methods used in routine serological investigations, i.e. complement fixation and O-agglutination tests, were positive in only 4 (24%) of the 16 patients with listeriosis. The results point to the possibility of designing new immunoassays for detection of septicemia and meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Age-related variations in anti-streptococcal antibody levels.
The present study was undertaken to determine the upper 95% confidence limits (CL) for titres of antibodies to streptolysin O (ASO) and streptococcal DNase B (ADNB) using 741 sera from a general population. The ASO titres in sera from children increased abruptly with increasing age, from a mean of 21 (CL 67) in infants of 3 years or less to 211 (CL 462) in children 7 to 8 years old. In children 9 to 12 years of age titres exhibited a plateau with mean values of 168-258 (CL 436-611). In individuals over 20 years the mean ASO titre diminished with increasing age, individuals of 70 years or more showing a mean titre of 83 (CL 169). A similar variation was seen for ADNB. Infants 3 years of age or younger exhibited no detectable ADNB whereas individuals 70 years or more had a mean titre of 11 (CL 91). A maximal mean ADNB titre of 184 (CL 706) was detected in 9-year-old-children. It was concluded that age-related reference values for anti-streptococcal antibodies increase the clinical relevance of the tests.
Adolescent↗
The activity of isoxazolyl penicillins in experimental staphylococcal infection.
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Animals↗
The role of beta-lactamase in mixed infections in mice in relation to treatment with ampicillin.
Beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus and Bacteroides fragilis in a localized mixed infection has been found to degrade the beta-lactam antibiotic at the focus of infection, thus protecting both the bacteria and pathogens susceptible to the antibiotic. To determine if beta-lactamase produced by Hemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis have similar importance in mixed infections, a thread infection model in mice was used to evaluate the capacity of beta-lactamase produced by S. aureus, B. catarrhalis, or H. influenzae to hydrolyze ampicillin in a mixed infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. For both S. aureus and B. catarrhalis, the ampicillin concentrations at infection sites where beta-lactamase was produced were lower than at sites where beta-lactamase was not produced; however, this difference was not found when clavulanic acid was added to the ampicillin. In mixed infections with strains that did not produce beta-lactamase, ampicillin concentrations were similar with or without clavulanic acid. S. aureus was the best "protector" followed by B. catarrhalis. The beta-lactamase produced by H. influenzae failed to protect the S. pneumoniae. No bactericidal effect of clavulanic acid was found.
Ampicillin↗
Postantibiotic effects of imipenem, norfloxacin, and amikacin in vitro and in vivo.
The postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of imipenem and norfloxacin were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus (Enterococcus) faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amikacin was tested against the same bacteria except Streptococcus faecalis. For in vitro tests, a viable count-washing method was used, and for in vivo tests, the thread technique in normal mice was used. All three drugs produced PAEs of 1.1 to 3.8 h in vitro and 1.4 to 4.3 h in vivo against the pathogens tested. In vitro and in vivo results correlated well. The PAE had a significantly (P less than 0.01 to 0.001) longer duration in vivo than in vitro, but the PAE of imipenem on Staphylococcus aureus was longer in vitro. The PAE was not due to residual antibiotics at the site of infection, and no PAE was obtained if at any time the antibiotic concentration at the infection site reached the MIC for the pathogen tested. The results indicate that the presence of a PAE may enable antibiotics to be given more intermittently without a loss of efficacy and that the PAE can only be induced if the level of the antibiotic exceeds the MIC for the pathogen in question for at least several minutes.
Amikacin↗
Mouse model for evaluation of antibiotic treatment of acute and chronic infections.
A thread model is presented which enables the simultaneous evaluation of bactericidal rate and antibiotic concentration at the site of infection in mice. Ampicillin and netilmicin were tested against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. With the doses tested there was substantial drug penetration into the site of infection immediately after initiation of infection (day 0), whereas the drug penetration on days 2 and 6 of infection was delayed and reduced. On day 0 of infection there was significant bactericidal effect, but little or no effect could be demonstrated on days 2 and 6 of infection, even though drug concentrations close to the MBC values for several drug/bacteria combinations were reached. The model reflects the treatment situations for the acute and the chronic infection and may be of help in evaluating the efficacy of the drug at the site of infection.
Acute Disease↗
A mouse model for simultaneous pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies of antibiotics at sites of infection.
Tissue penetration may be an important pharmacokinetic determinant to achieve the chemotherapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial agents. We describe a mouse model for the simultaneous study of antibiotic kinetics and efficacy at the site of infection. With the doses tested there was no difference in drug penetration into healthy tissue and tissue at the site of acute bacterial infection. Ampicillin and netilmicin levels over the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were needed to produce significant bacterial killing. During the 6 h observation period susceptible Gram-positive bacteria were eradicated whereas Gram-negative bacteria were reduced in number but not eradicated, even though the antibiotic concentrations exceeded minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) three times.
Ampicillin↗
The clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria.
To investigate the rate of occurrence, clinical presentation, predisposing factors and frequency of secondary bacteremia 132 patients with significant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria were reviewed retrospectively. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 3.3 per cent of all positive urine cultures. Most patients were elderly men. The most important predisposing factors in the urinary tract were indwelling catheters (63 per cent), obstruction (56 per cent) and instrumentation or surgery (43 per cent). Bacteremia developed secondary to bacteriuria in all 11 patients (8.3 per cent). For that reason Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria should be regarded as a hazardous condition, especially in patients with predisposing factors in the urinary tract.
Adult↗
Single-day treatment with trimethoprim for asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly patient.
Recent reports have demonstrated an association between bacteriuria and excess mortality. Therefore, 40 inpatients 60 or more years old with asymptomatic bacteriuria participated in a double-blind trial to assess the effect of 1-day treatment with trimethoprim. The patients were allocated randomly to receive 100 mg. trimethoprim (20 patients) or placebo (20 patients) to be taken in the morning and evening for 1 day. All patients treated with trimethoprim obtained sterile urine, whereas all patients treated with placebo remained bacteriuric (p less than 0.002). No side effects were recorded. However, many of the cured patients suffered rapid reinfection. Of the 20 initially cured patients 14 (70 per cent, 95 per cent confidence limits 46 to 88 per cent) had recurrent bacteriuria after 6 weeks, indicating that although this treatment is effective immediately it imparts no long-term effect.
Aged↗