Toxic effects of mycotoxins on amphibian larvae.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J Reiss.
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Dip-slides which are covered with suitable agar media (e.g. malt extract agar, potato dextrose agar, Czapek Dox agar) are well suited for the cultivation, storage and transport of moulds and phytopathogenic fungi. Most of the organisms develop equally well on dip-slides and in Petri dishes.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is described in four generations of a kinship. The family is unique in that three generations manifest central nervous system vascular disease, which was pathologically confirmed in two generations. Genetic linkage was not identified for 32 genetic markers studied. The literature is reviewed for patients with central nervous system arteriovenous malformations and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The pathogenesis of the disease is discussed, and therapeutic modalities are considered.
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The resting nuclei in hyphae, sporangiophores and sporangiospores of sporangia and sporangiola of Thamnidium elegans consist of a large centrals nucleolus and a shell of chromatin surrounding the nucleolus. Division of the nucleus in hyphae and sporangiospores is achieved by elongation and constriction.
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Sterigmatocystin was formed on different kinds of bread (whole wheat bread, whole rye bread, whole rye bread with shredded wheat, whole wheat bread with wheat germs and whole wheat bread with linseed) by two strains of Aspergillus versicolor. The highest yields were in the range of 0.1-0,4 mug/g. The growth of the moulds and the toxin production were influenced by the total acid content ("Säuregrad"; must be less than approximately 9) and by the temperature (optimal growth temperature: 20-30 degrees C, optimal temperature for toxin synthesis: 20 degrees C). After 10 days of incubation most of the toxin was already formed.
The review paper summarizes our knowledge on the influence of the intake of mycotoxin containing foodstuffs on human health. The greatest attention is given to the aflatoxins. The results of epidemiological studies on the occurrence of primary liver cancer in Thailand and different regions of middle and southern Africa are described.
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The suitability of the media of Hara et al. (4) Bothast and Fennell (2) and Reiss (5) for the detection of aflatoxin forming Aspergillus flavus in bread was tested in comparison. The first two media allowed the most precise identification of this mold who was among eight common bread molds the sole producer of aflatoxins (as confirmed by thin-layer chromatography). Because of its simple mode of preparation and handling the "Aspergillus differential medium" (ADM) of Bothast and Fennell (2) is recommended for routine screening tests in bread microbiology.
The inhibition of the germination of Bacillus subtilis spores by patulin provides a sensitive and simple technique for the microbiological detection of this mycotoxin. The paper disc assay procedure is performed in standardized plastic plates containing agar and spores. Significant inhibition was obtained with as little as 1 microgram patulin.
In larvicide tests with four mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 was most toxic to Drosophila melanogaster, followed by rubratoxin B and diacetoxyscirpenol. In concentrations of 20, 10 and 1 mug/cm-2 rubratoxin B and patulin had strong insecticidal activities. Aflatoxin B1 and diacetoxyscirpenol were less active in the contact tests.
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