Biomedical subjects

J Ormel

Publications and source records attributed to J Ormel.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders in six European countries. METHOD: A representative random sample of non-institutionalized inhabitants from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain aged 18 or older (n = 21425) were interviewed between January 2001 and August 2003. DSM-IV disorders were assessed by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI). RESULTS: Fourteen per cent reported a lifetime history of any mood disorder, 13.6% any anxiety disorder and 5.2% a lifetime history of any alcohol disorder. More than 6% reported any anxiety disorder, 4.2% any mood disorder, and 1.0% any alcohol disorder in the last year. Major depression and specific phobia were the most common single mental disorders. Women were twice as likely to suffer 12-month mood and anxiety disorders as men, while men were more likely to suffer alcohol abuse disorders. CONCLUSION: ESEMeD is the first study to highlight the magnitude of mental disorders in the six European countries studied. Mental disorders were frequent, more common in female, unemployed, disabled persons, or persons who were never married or previously married. Younger persons were also more likely to have mental disorders, indicating an early age of onset for mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

12-Month comorbidity patterns and associated factors in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity patterns of 12-month mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders and socio-demographic factors associated with comorbidity were studied among the general population of six European countries. METHOD: Data were derived from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), a cross-sectional psychiatric epidemiological study in a representative sample of adults aged 18 years or older in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. The diagnostic instrument used was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI). Data are based on 21 425 completed interviews. RESULTS: In general, high associations were found within the separate anxiety disorders and between mood and anxiety disorders. Lowest comorbidity associations were found for specific phobia and alcohol abuse-the disorders with the least functional disabilities. Comorbidity patterns were consistent cross-nationally. Associated factors for comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders were female gender, younger age, lower educational level, higher degree of urbanicity, not living with a partner and unemployment. Only younger people were at greater risk for comorbidity of alcohol disorder with mood, anxiety disorders or both. CONCLUSION: High levels of comorbidity are found in the general population. Comorbidity is more common in specific groups. To reduce psychiatric burden, early intervention in populations with a primary disorder is important to prevent comorbidity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

OBJECTIVE: This manuscript examines the impact of mental health state and specific mental and physical disorders on work role disability and quality of life in six European countries. METHOD: The ESEMeD study was conducted in: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Individuals aged 18 years and over who were not institutionalized were eligible for an in-home computer-assisted interview. Common mental disorders, work loss days (WLD) in the past month and quality of life (QoL) were assessed, using the WMH-2000 version of the CIDI, the WHODAS-II, and the mental and physical component scores (MCS, PCS) of the 12-item short form, respectively. The presence of five chronic physical disorders: arthritis, heart disease, lung disease, diabetes and neurological disease was also assessed. Multivariate regression techniques were used to identify the independent association of mental and physical disorders while controlling for gender, age and country. RESULTS: In each country, WLD and loss of QoL increased with the number of disorders. Most mental disorders had approximately 1.0 SD-unit lower mean MCS and lost three to four times more work days, compared with people without any 12-month mental disorder. The 10 disorders with the highest independent impact on WLD were: neurological disease, panic disorder, PTSD, major depressive episode, dysthymia, specific phobia, social phobia, arthritis, agoraphobia and heart disease. The impact of mental vs. physical disorders on QoL was specific, with mental disorders impacting more on MCS and physical disorders more on PCS. Compared to physical disorders, mental disorders had generally stronger 'cross-domain' effects. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that mental disorders are important determinants of work role disability and quality of life, often outnumbering the impact of common chronic physical disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Use of mental health services in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

OBJECTIVE: Comprehensive information about access and patterns of use of mental health services in Europe is lacking. We present the first results of the use of health services for mental disorders in six European countries as part of the ESEMeD project. METHOD: The study was conducted in: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Individuals aged 18 years and over who were not institutionalized were eligible for an computer-assisted interview done at home. The 21 425 participants were asked to report how frequently they consulted formal health services due to their emotions or mental health, the type of professional they consulted and the treatment they received as a result of their consultation in the previous year. RESULTS: An average of 6.4% of the total sample had consulted formal health services in the previous 12 months. Of the participants with a 12-month mental disorder, 25.7% had consulted a formal health service during that period. This proportion was higher for individuals with a mood disorder (36.5%, 95% CI 32.5-40.5) than for those with anxiety disorders (26.1%, 95% CI 23.1-29.1). Among individuals with a 12-month mental disorder who had contacted the health services 12 months previously, approximately two-thirds had contacted a mental health professional. Among those with a 12-month mental disorder consulting formal health services, 21.2% received no treatment. CONCLUSION: The ESEMeD results suggest that the use of health services is limited among individuals with mental disorders in the European countries studied. The factors associated with this limited access and their implications deserve further research.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Psychotropic drug utilization in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

OBJECTIVE: To assess psychotropic drug utilization in the general population of six European countries, and the pattern of use in individuals with different DSM-IV diagnoses of 12-month mental disorders. METHOD: Data were derived from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000), a cross-sectional psychiatric epidemiological study in a representative sample of 21 425 adults aged 18 or older from six European countries (e.g. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain). Individuals were asked about any psychotropic drug use in the past 12 months, even if they used the drug(s) just once. A colour booklet containing high-quality pictures of psychotropic drugs commonly used to treat mental disorders was provided to help respondents recall drug use. RESULTS: Psychotropic drug utilization is generally low in individuals with any 12-month mental disorder (32.6%). The extent of psychotropic drug utilization varied according to the specific DSM-IV diagnosis. Among individuals with a 12-month diagnosis of pure major depression, only 21.2% had received any antidepressants within the same period; the exclusive use of antidepressants was even lower (4.6%), while more individuals took only anxiolytics (18.4%). CONCLUSION: These data question the appropriateness of current pharmacological treatments, particularly for major depression, in which under-treatment is coupled with the high use of non-specific medications, such as anxiolytics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Functional disability and depression in the general population. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS).

OBJECTIVE: Data on the temporal relationships between duration of depression and recovery and functional disability are sparse. These relationships were examined in subjects from the general population (n = 250) with newly originated episodes of DSM-III-R major depression. METHOD: The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study is a prospective epidemiological survey in the adult population (n = 7076), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Duration of depression and duration of recovery over 2 years were assessed with a life chart interview. Functional disabilities were assessed with the MOS-SF-36 and with absence days from work. RESULTS: Functional disabilities and absence days in depressed individuals were not found to be associated with duration of depression. Functioning in daily activities improved with longer duration of recovery but social functioning not. CONCLUSION: Functioning deteriorates by actual depressive symptomatology and comorbid anxiety but not by longer duration of depression. After symptomatic recovery, functioning improves to premorbid level, irrespective of the length of the depression. Improvements in daily activities and work can be expected with longer duration of recovery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Gender differences in recovery from injuries to the extremities in older persons. A prospective study.

PURPOSE: This paper examines gender differences in trajectories of basic activities of daily living after fall-related injuries to the extremities in independently living older people in the Netherlands. METHOD: The study comprised a prospective design. Data were collected from 31 men and 140 women at baseline, when they had not yet sustained injuries (hip fractures, other fractures or contortions and dislocations), and 8 weeks, 5 months and 12 months after their accident. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences in change in basic activities of daily living between baseline and follow-ups for men, for women and for the total study sample while adjusting for several covariates. RESULTS: The patients did not generally regain their pre-injury levels of functioning 12 months after their event. However, in contrast to the women, older men more closely reached their pre-injury levels of functioning. Although women deteriorated more than men, differences were not statistically significant at 8 weeks and 5 months post-injury. Long-term recovery, however, was significantly associated with gender when the impact of severity seemed to have expired. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery of basic activities of daily living one year after injuries to the extremities seems to be influenced by gender. Female patients recovered less well compared to males. These gender-related changes warrant concern and attention in clinical practice.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2003

[Undertreatment of depression; causes and recommendations].

Efficacious forms of treatment for depression are available, but too many people suffering from depression are either treated inadequately or not at all. This undertreatment may play a role in the failure to reduce in the prevalence of depression. Possible causes of undertreatment include delayed help-seeking, delayed treatment, non-compliance, mediocre self-care and inappropriate treatment. Furthermore, the treatment culture is insufficiently population-based and proactive, and the chronic-recurrent nature of many depressions is too often neglected. Both the content and organisation of mental health care, in primary care and speciality services alike, should explicitly target reduction of the prevalence of depression in the population, in particular by trying to narrow the gap between the 'efficacy' and 'effectiveness' of treatment modalities. Important elements in this approach include 'individualized stepped care' models, implementation of optimal care by means of care programs, redefinition of the roles of care-provider and patient (greater emphasis on partnership) and abolition of the distinction between somatic health care and mental health care.

Antidepressive Agents↗

PubMed2003

Pathways to care and psychological problems of general practice patients in a "gate keeper" and an "open access" health care system: a comparison of Germany and the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: The comparison of different health care systems is one way to give empirical evidence to health care reform and policy. The differences between health care systems in which general practitioners serve as gate keepers in comparison to systems in which patients are free to contact every physician and specialist they like are a question of high interest. METHOD: This study compares the Netherlands and Germany, two countries with very similar political, social, and health system structures, but different types of access to the health care system. While Germany offers unconstrained access to specialist ambulatory care, the Netherlands restricts health care utilization by giving primary care a 'gate keeper' function not allowing patients direct access to specialist care. Data from the WHO international collaborative study on psychological problems in general health care (Ustün and Sartorius 1995) were analysed with respect to pathways to care, treatment, and health status. In an initial cross-sectional assessment, in 3-month and 12-month follow-ups, contacts to physicians or hospital admission have also been monitored. RESULTS: There were only marginal differences between the Dutch and the German sample in the sociodemographic characteristics as well as in the diagnostic status with respect to mental disorders. In the Netherlands, 95.5%, and in Germany, 68.8% of the patients presented their 'reason for visit' for the first time to any physician at this index contact with a general practitioner. During the following 3 months, 24% of the Dutch patients, but 60.2% of the German patients, additionally contacted other physicians ( P < 0.001). At 12 months, this rate was 62.9% vs. 78.6% ( P < 0.001). During the 12-month follow-up period, there were 15.7 0/00 hospital admissions in Germany vs. 25.4 0/00 in the Netherlands ( P < 0.005) [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians in a gate keeper system reduce the number of contacts to other physicians and the intensity of treatment, while at the same time the rate of hospital admissions is increased.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Positive life change and remission of non-psychotic mental illness. A competing outcomes approach.

BACKGROUND: Episode duration in non-psychotic mental illness is associated with personal characteristics of patients, like age or personality. Part of these links may be mediated by life change, a predictor of episode duration in its own right. METHODS: In 170 primary care patients who suffered 4171 person-months of non-psychotic mental illness diagnosed according to Bedford College Criteria, we examined to what extent associations with episode duration of nine person-linked variables including personal vulnerability, coping styles and social support, are mediated by their effects on the occurrence, during episodes, of positive life changes (PLC) assessed using the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. Cox regression for competing endpoints was used to analyse the simultaneous effects of baseline variables on PLC and on remission, whether spontaneous or not. RESULTS: Irrespective of diagnosis and symptom intensity, PLC during episodes increases remission rates 2.9-fold (P<0.001). Remission rates are higher in patients with larger social networks and who seek more help but this is partly because such persons experience more PLC earlier during episodes. Lower neuroticism is also linked with shorter episode duration but this effect is unmediated by PLC. LIMITATIONS: Mental state may bias dating and reporting of life change. Treatment aspects were not recorded. Elderly subjects were not included. CONCLUSION: PLC occurrence during common mental illness is associated with psychosocial variables which are also overall predictors of episode remission. Thus, PLC mediates between patients' psychosocial make-up and their chances of speedy recovery. This has implications for the management of non-psychotic mental illness.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Genetic and environmental influences on psychological distress in the population: General Health Questionnaire analyses in UK twins.

BACKGROUND: The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is the most popular screening instrument for detecting psychiatric disorders in community samples. Using longitudinal data of a large sample of UK twin pairs, we explored (i) heritabilities of the four scales and the total score; (ii) the genetic stability over time; and (iii) the existence of differential heritable influences at the high (ill) and low (healthy) tail of the distribution. METHOD: At baseline we assessed the GHQ in 627 MZ and 1323 DZ female pairs and at a second occasion (3.5 years later) for a small subsample (90 MZ and 270 DZ pairs). Liability threshold models and raw ordinal maximum likelihood were used to estimate twin correlations and to fit longitudinal genetic models. We estimated extreme group heritabilities of the GHQ distribution by using a model-fitting implementation of the DeFries-Fulker regression method for selected twin data. RESULTS: Heritabilities for Somatic Symptoms, Anxiety, Social Dysfunction, Depression and total score were 0.37, 0.40, 0.20, 0.42 and 0.44, respectively. The contribution of shared genetic factors to the correlations between time points is substantial for the total score (73%). Group heritabilities of 0.48 and 0.43 were estimated for the top and bottom 10% of the total GHQ score distribution, respectively. CONCLUSION: The overall heritability of the GHQ as a measure of psychosocial distress was substantial (44%), with all scales having significant additive genetic influences that persisted across time periods. Extreme group analyses suggest that the genetic control of resilience is as important as the genetic control of vulnerability.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Does educational background explain inequalities in care service use for mental health problems in the Dutch general population?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether (1) education predicts the use of care services for mental health problems, independently of mental disorder and functional impairment and (2) education modifies the association between mental disorder and service use. METHOD: Predictors of service use were recorded at baseline, and service use itself at 12-month follow-up, in a representative sample (N=7076) of the Dutch population, using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: People with more education were less likely to use primary care but more likely to use mental health care. The effects on both types of care remained significant after adjustment for mental disorder and functional impairment. Lower education tended to strengthen the association between mood or anxiety disorder and primary care use. CONCLUSION: Further research on inequalities in service use will benefit from additional explanatory analyses and from the inclusion of sociopsychological variables, like cost-benefit considerations in decisions to use services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Prevalence and incidence of depression in residential homes for the elderly in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands: higher than among the elderly in the general population, yet lower than in other residential homes].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and incidence of major and minor depression in residential homes for the elderly in Drenthe, the Netherlands. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study. METHOD: In eleven residential homes for the elderly in Drenthe, the point-prevalence rate of depressive disorders was determined at baseline (n = 479; mean age = 85 yrs). From the baseline-sample, 295 non-depressed subjects were available to estimate the incidence rate after six months. The diagnostic procedure consisted of two steps. Firstly, all of the subjects were screened for depression using the 'Geriatric depression scale'. In the second step, those with a score > 10 were interviewed using the 'Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry' (SCAN) to assess whether there were depressive disorders according to DSM IV criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of major depression was 4.1% (95% CI: 2.3-5.9) and the same rate was found for minor depression. The 6-month incidence of major and minor depression combined was 2.1% (95% CI: 0.5-3.7). CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate for depressive disorders obtained in our study, was twice as high as reported for the advanced elderly in the general population, whereas the rates were lower than those usually found in residential homes.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000) project: rationale and methods.

The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000) is a new cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence and the associated factors of mental disorders, as well as their effect on health-related quality of life and the use of services in six European countries. This paper describes the rationale, methods and the plan for the analysis of the project. A total of 22,000 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population aged 18 and over from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain are being interviewed in their homes. Trained interviewers use a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) including the most recent version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI, 2000), a well-established epidemiological survey for assessing mental disorders. This is the first international study using the standardized up-to-date methodology for epidemiological assessment. Sizeable differences in prevalence, impact and level of need that is met by the health services are expected. The analysis of these differences should facilitate the monitoring of ongoing mental health reform initiatives in Europe and provide new research hypotheses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Effects on depression pharmacotherapy of a Dutch general practitioner training program.

BACKGROUND: General practitioners' (GPs) ability to recognize, diagnose and treat depression improved significantly after a comprehensive, 20-h training programme. This study aims to evaluate in more detail the effects of the training on GPs' pharmacotherapy of depression and related issues. METHODS: A pretest-posttest design was used. Both in the pre- and post-training phase, a sample was drawn from consecutive patients of the 17 participating GPs. In the pre-training phase we identified a sample of 31 cases with an ICD-10 depression who received an antidepressant from their GP. The sample was followed for 1 year. Outcome measures were: type of antidepressant, dosage, duration and number of target instructions given by the GP. Then we trained the GPs. In the post-training phase, we identified a new sample (n = 47) from their practices and measured the same outcomes. RESULTS: Improvements were seen in choice for modern antidepressant, adequate dosage, adequate duration, and number of target instructions given. LIMITATIONS: Observed changes can be due to a period effect, inherent in a pre-post design. CONCLUSIONS: A post-academic hands-on training of GPs can improve depression pharmacotherapy according to clinical guidelines with respect to choice of a modern antidepressant, adequate dosage, adequate duration and psychoeducation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Gender-specific changes in quality of life following cardiovascular disease: a prospective study.

Gender-specific changes in Quality of Life (QoL) following cardiovascular disease (CVD) were studied in 208 patients to determine whether gender-related differences in postmorbid QoL result from differences in disease severity, premorbid QoL, or different CVD-related recovery. Premorbid data were available from a community-based survey. Follow-ups were done at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after diagnosis. Results showed that females had worse QoL at all three postmorbid assessments compared to males. However, multivariate analyses adjusting for premorbid gender differences and disease severity showed no significant gender-related differences for physical and psychologic functioning. Therefore, gender differences in QoL following CVD mainly result from premorbid differences in QoL, age, comorbidity, and disease severity at the time of diagnosis, and do not appear to be the consequence of gender-specific recovery. However, in clinical practice it is important to acknowledge the poorer QoL of females following CVD.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Combined effect of mental disorder and low social support on care service use for mental health problems in the Dutch general population.

BACKGROUND: People with a mental disorder have high rates of service utilization for emotional or addiction problems. Little is known about the role of functional impairments and low social support in such service use. This article investigates: (1) whether the presence of multiple functional impairments mediates the link between mental disorder and service use; and (2) whether social support modifies that association. METHODS: Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study, NEMESIS, a prospective general population study. Predictors of service use (mental disorder; functional impairments; social support) were recorded in the second wave of the study, and service use in the third wave. RESULTS: Persons with a DSM-III-R disorder and persons with multiple functional impairments were three to seven times as likely to use primary or mental health care. People with low perceived social support were two to three times as likely to use them, and living alone increased the likelihood by 30% to 80%. The effect of mental disorder on service use was mediated by multiple functional impairments. In people with a mental disorder, low levels of social support intensified mental health service use. CONCLUSION: Service utilization by people with mental problems can be better understood through a model incorporating: (1) independent effects of mental disorder, functional impairments and social support on service use; (2) a mediating effect of multiple functional impairments on the link between mental disorder and service use; and (3) interaction effects of mental disorder and low social support on service use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Pre-morbid predictors of psychological adjustment to cancer.

This study examined the potential role of social support, neuroticism, and self-efficacy as predictors of the short-term and long-term adaptation to the diagnosis of cancer. Psychological adjustment was defined in terms of psychological distress. It is argued that these factors may provide insights that might be helpful in the provision of medical care to patients. We hypothesized that they would be especially predictive of long-term psychological adjustment. The study was conducted in a truly prospective design with one pre-morbid assessment and two post-morbid assessments used in the present analyses. Participants of a baseline assessment among 5279 subjects (aged 57 years and older) in 1993 were monitored for cancer incidence by their general practitioners. The study sample included 99 cancer patients who had completed all pre-morbid and post-morbid assessments. Multivariate analyses revealed that high neuroticism was associated with higher levels of distress in the short- and long-term. Higher levels of social support were associated with higher levels of distress in the long-term. The direction of this association was opposite to what might be expected on the basis of the literature. Implications of the findings for health care as well as explanations for the social support findings are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗