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Biomedical subjects

J Orchard

Publications and source records attributed to J Orchard.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League (AFL) over four seasons. METHODS: An injury was defined as "any physical or medical condition that caused a player to miss a match in the regular season." The rationale for this definition was to eliminate a previously noted tendency of team recorders to interpret injury definitions subjectively. Administrative records of injury payments to players who did not play matches determined the occurrence of an injury. RESULTS: The seasonal incidence of new injuries was 39 per club (of 40 players) per season (of 22 matches). The match injury incidence for AFL games was 25.7 injuries per 1000 player hours. The injury prevalence (percentage of players missing through injury in an average week) was 16%. The recurrence rate of injuries was 17%. The most common and prevalent injury was hamstring strain (six injuries per club per season, resulting in 21 missed matches per club per season), followed in prevalence by anterior cruciate ligament and groin injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The injury definition of this study does not produce incidence rates that are complete for all minor injuries. However, the determination of an injury is made by a single entity in exactly the same manner for all teams, which overcomes a significant methodological flaw present in other multiteam injury surveillance systems.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2002

Injuries in Australian cricket at first class level 1995/1996 to 2000/2001.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse injuries and illness occurring in Australian cricket at first class level. METHODS: Injuries occurring to the state and national teams were surveyed prospectively between the seasons 1998/1999 and 2000/2001, and the three preceding seasons were surveyed retrospectively. The definition of an injury was detailed and generally required the player to miss playing time in a major match. RESULTS: Average injury match incidence in the seasons studied prospectively varied from a low of 19.0 injuries per 10 000 player hours in first class domestic matches to a high of 38.5 injuries per 10 000 player hours in one day internationals. The average seasonal incidence was 19.2 injuries per squad (25 players) per season (20 matches). Injury prevalence (the percentage of players missing through injury at any given time) was 14% for pace bowlers, 4% for spin bowlers, 4% for batsmen, and 2% for wicket keepers. The most common injuries were hamstring strains, side strains, groin injuries, wrist and hand injuries, and lumbar soft tissue injuries. Bowlers who had bowled more than 20 match overs in the week leading up to a match had an increased risk of sustaining a bowling injury (risk ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28 to 2.85). A further risk for bowling injury is bowling second in a match-that is, batting first (risk ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.50). A risk factor for injury in fielding is colliding with the boundary fence. CONCLUSIONS: Further study is required to determine ways to minimise the risk of injury in fast bowlers. Cricket grounds should mark a boundary line on the playing field to prevent players colliding with fences in the field.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2001

The AFL penetrometer study: work in progress.

Five hundred and seventy one matches in the Australian Football League [AFL] had ground hardness measured using a Penetrometer, over the period 1997-2000. The method used was 3 drops at each of 20 locations over the playing field on the morning before games. Anterior Cruciate Ligament [ACL] injuries were recorded using an ongoing injury surveillance system. There was a non-significant trend towards a higher risk of ACL injury when the 3-drop average of the Penetrometer was less (harder) than 4.5cm, RR 2.36 (95% CI 0.90-6.24). When the first drop average of the Penetrometer was less (harder) than 2.5cm, the relative risk was 2.60 (95% CI 0.94-7.20). There was also a nonsignificant trend towards an increased risk of ACL injury in games where the predominant grass type was couch (Bermuda) grass, as opposed to rye grass, RR 2.37 (95% CI 0.89-6.36). This study confirms previous findings from the AFL that early season matches and matches played at northern (warmer) venues have a higher risk of ACL injury. It is likely that ground-related variables are partially responsible for these observations, but to date, the relative contributions of ground hardness, grass type, shoe-surface traction and other confounding factors are not certain. There was a significant fall in the number of ACL injuries in the AFL (to approximately half the previous level of incidence) during seasons 1999 and 2000. It is possible that reaction to this study and related publicity has led to the preparation of ground conditions in the AFL that are less likely to produce ACL injuries.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries↗
PubMed2000

Effect of cooking on banana and plantain texture.

The effect of temperature and duration of cooking on plantain and banana fruit texture and cytpoplasmic and cell wall components was investigated. The firmness of both banana and plantain pulp tissues decreased rapidly during the first 10 min of cooking in water above 70 degrees C, although plantain was much firmer than banana. Cooking resulted in pectin solubilzation and middle lamella dissolution leading to cell wall separation (as observed by SEM). Dessert banana showed more advanced and extensive breakdown than plantain. Although dessert banana had a higher total pectin content than plantain, the former had smaller-sized carboxyethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) soluble pectic polymers which are associated with plant tissues that have a propensity to soften. Plantain had higher levels of starch and amylose than banana but this was associated with a firmer fruit texture rather than a softening due to cell swelling during starch gelatinization. Different cooking treatments showed that cooking in 0.5% of CaCl(2) solution and temperatures below 70 degrees C had significant effects on maintenance of pulp firmness.

Fruit↗
PubMed1999

Rainfall, evaporation and the risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in the Australian Football League.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if weather conditions affect the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear in Australian Football. DESIGN: Prospective observational analytic study of football matches. SETTING: The Australian Football League (AFL), a professional competition. PARTICIPANTS: All players in 2280 matches from 1992-1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surgically-proven ACL injury, not involving a direct contact mechanism, during a match; rainfall; water evaporation. RESULTS: 59 ACL injuries not involving direct contact occurred during the study period, more commonly in cities north of Melbourne (chi 2 = 17.0; df = 1; P < 0.001). Senior grade matches (relative risk [RR], 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-6.03), high water evaporation in the month before the match (RR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.53-5.10) and low rainfall in the year before the match (RR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.12-3.34) were significantly associated with these injuries. CONCLUSION: Low water evaporation and high rainfall significantly lower the risk of ACL injuries in AFL footballers. The likely mechanism is a softening of the ground, which lowers shoe-surface traction. Consistent extra watering and covering of grounds during periods of high water evaporation may lower the rate of ACL injuries.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetic study of single doses of oral fludarabine phosphate in patients with "low-grade" non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

PURPOSE: Fludarabine phosphate (F-AMP), a purine analog, requires daily intravenous administration. A pharmacokinetic study of an oral formulation (10 mg immediate-release tablet) was undertaken in patients with "low-grade" non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Oral F-AMP was incorporated into the "conventional" treatment schedule. Single oral trial doses of 50, 70, and 90 mg of F-AMP were given on the first day of three cycles of treatment; a comparative 50-mg intravenous trial dose was given on the first day of the fourth cycle. Intravenous F-AMP (25 mg/m2) was given on days 2 to 5 at 4-week intervals. Pharmacokinetic samples taken after each trial dose were analyzed for plasma 2-fluoro-arabinofuranosyladenine (2F-ara-A) concentration (its main metabolite); area under the curve 0 to 24 hours (AUC(0-24h)) and maximum concentration (Cmax) were calculated. Eighteen patients received all three oral trial doses, and bioavailability was determined in 15 patients who completed four courses of therapy. RESULTS: Oral administration of F-AMP resulted in a dose-dependent increase in Cmax and AUC(0-24h) of 2F-ara-A and achieved an AUC(0-24h) similar to intravenous administration, although at a lower Cm. The linear increase in mean AUC(0-24h) by factors of 1.36 +/- 0.22 (mean +/- SD) and 1.72 +/- 0.31 corresponded well with the increase in oral dose from 50 to 70 mg (factor of 1.4) and 90 mg (factor of 1.8), respectively. Bioavailability (approximately 55%, with low intraindividual variation) and time to Cmax were dose independent. CONCLUSION: Oral doses of F-AMP can achieve an AUC(0-24h) of 2F-ara-A similar to intravenous administration, with dose-independent bioavailability. The tablet will greatly enhance the use of F-AMP in a palliative setting.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of injuries in elite senior and junior Australian football.

Three thousand and thirty one AFL and 1034 injuries in the VSFL U/18 competition were recorded by club doctors over the 1992, 1993 and 1994 seasons. Hamstring strains had the highest incidence (86.4 per 10,000 player hours) and prevalence (30.2 hours missed per 1000 hours) of any injury in the AFL, but were significantly less common in the U/18 competition. Other injuries which were common in both competitions were ankle sprains, thigh haematomas, concussion, groin strains and head lacerations. Injury prevalence was higher overall in the AFL, with lower limb muscle strains (hamstring, calf, quadriceps) being significantly more prevalent than in the U/18 competition. Injuries which were significantly more prevalent in the U/18 competition included stress fractures and concussion. Subsequent to this study, coaches and medical staff in the U/18 competition were made aware of the high risk of stress fractures in young footballers with heavy training loads. The AFL injury survey is ongoing and in the process of being computerised; risk factors for specific injuries with high rates are being studied further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Fludarabine is effective in the treatment of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes.

We report on the use of fludarabine in four patients with splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL). All four had relapsed after, or failed to respond to, recommended first-line therapies. In each case fludarabine resulted in a complete clinico-haematological response with minimal toxicity, which, in the two patients with long-term follow-up, proved durable. Fludarabine is effective in the treatment of SLVL and should be considered as both a first-line therapeutic option as well as salvage therapy in this condition.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of mesalamine suspension enema and oral sulfasalazine for treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis in adults.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of mesalamine (5-ASA) suspension enema versus oral sulfasalazine (SAS) in patients with active mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either rectal mesalamine, 4 g at night, (n = 19) or oral sulfasalazine, 1 g four times a day, (n = 18) in a 6-wk, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group, multicenter study. Patients known to be refractory to SAS or 5-ASA preparations were excluded. Efficacy was assessed by a physician-rated Disease Activity Index (DAI), which included symptom evaluations and sigmoidoscopic findings, by physician-rated Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scores, and by Patient Global Improvement (PGI) scores. Safety was assessed by adverse event reports, clinical laboratory tests, and physical examination. Results. Mean DAI scores indicated significant improvement from baseline in both treatment groups. CGI scores indicated that 94% of the 5-ASA patients were either "Very Much Improved" or "Much Improved" at wk 6 versus 77% of the SAS patients. PGI ratings showed more improvement in the 5-ASA treatment group than in the SAS group at wk 2 (p = 0.02) and at wk 4 (p = 0.04). Adverse events, primarily headache and nausea, occurred significantly more frequently (p = 0.02) in the SAS than in the 5-ASA group (83 vs 42%). Three patients were withdrawn from SAS treatment because of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Rectally administered 5-ASA is as effective as oral SAS in treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis but is associated with fewer and milder adverse events. Patients treated with 5-ASA reported improvement earlier than those treated with SAS.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Fludarabine-related autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

We have treated 52 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) with fludarabine; 12 developed severe autoimmune haemolysis. Only three had a previous history of haemolytic anaemia. Six out of eight patients retreated with fludarabine after control of their haemolysis developed an exacerbation of the haemolytic anaemia. The cause of autoimmune phenomena in CLL is not known, but our findings reinforce the view that they are caused by a disturbance in immunoregulatory T cells. Fludarabine is a known suppressor of T-cell function.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Football injuries in Australia at the élite level.

OBJECTIVE: To determine injury profiles for the élite level competitions of football played in Australia. DESIGN: Over the 1992 seasons, all injuries were prospectively recorded from 26 clubs in football competitions which included the Australian Football League (AFL), New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) and New South Wales Rugby Union (NSWRU). RESULTS: Some 2398 injuries were reported. In Australian Rules football, the most common injury was the hamstring tear (13%); this also accounted for the most time missed due to injury (16%). In rugby league and union, the most common injuries were head and facial lacerations (11% and 20%) followed by concussion (8% and 5%). The injuries accounting for most time missed were fractures and knee ligament injuries in the rugby codes. In Australian Rules football there were more lower limb muscle strain injuries, a high proportion of which were recurrences, with a significant incidence during training sessions. In the rugby codes, minor injuries to the head and neck were more common, particularly in forwards. While rugby league players suffered the most injuries, AFL injuries were on average more severe and consequently the total time missed through injury by players in these two codes was very similar. Rugby union had a significantly lower injury prevalence at the élite club competition level than rugby league or Australian Rules football. CONCLUSION: Injury rates in the élite football competitions are high, warranting ongoing analysis and further study in particular areas.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries↗
PubMed1990

Severe intravascular haemolysis in a renal transplant recipient due to anti-B of donor origin.

A group B recipient of a group 0 kidney developed severe intravascular haemolysis due to the formation of anti-B. Immunoglobulin allotyping of donor serum, recipient serum and 'unexpected' anti-B antibody showed the antibody to be of donor origin. The patient and donor genotypes were Gm 3;5/3;5 and Gm 1,2;21/1;21, respectively, and the anti-B antibody allotype was Gm 1;21. The group B recipient of the other donor kidney showed no evidence of haemolysis. Possible factors influencing the occurrence and severity of post-transplantation haemolysis are discussed. The production of anti-A or anti-B antibodies in non-group 0 patients who receive group 0 organ transplants is well described [1-8]. We report a case of severe intravascular haemolysis in a group B patient who received a group 0 kidney, together with immunoglobulin allotyping studies which show conclusively that the antibody responsible for the haemolysis was of donor origin.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1987

Polycythaemia following renal transplantation: an association with azathioprine dosage?

Patients from a renal transplantation unit with an unusually high incidence of polycythaemia were divided into polycythaemic and control groups. The rate of rise of haemoglobin concentration was not significantly different in the two groups. The polycythaemic group received a significantly lower dose of azathioprine (p less than 0.005) and included more patients with polycystic disease than the control group (p less than 0.05). An effect of azathioprine on bone marrow function was suggested by the polycythaemic group also having a higher mean white cell count (p less than 0.02). Azathioprine dosage correlated negatively with post-transplantation polycythaemia regardless of the original cause of renal failure.

Azathioprine↗