Nuclear quadrupole moments of 33S and 35S.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
J Olsen
Publications and source records attributed to J Olsen.
[The incidence of gonorrhea as an indicator for prevention of AIDS in Greenland].
The first case of HIV infection in Greenland was demonstrated towards the end of 1985 and, since then, a general informative campaign was instituted and teaching material about AIDS and HIV infection were prepared for use in schools. This activity was particularly great in 1987 and 1988. The main messages were 1) use of condoms and 2) reduction in the number of sexual partners. The incidence of gonorrhoea has been very high for many years in Greenland and the incidence of gonorrhoea was employed as indicator for the effect of the prophylactic campaign. Investigation revealed a decrease of 67% during the period 1985-1988. The decrease was particularly great in 1988 (58%). There appears to be a direct connection between this observation and the two main messages of the campaign as the employment of condoms increased tenfold during the period 1986-1988 end contact investigations revealed a decrease in the number of unknown sexual partners. On the other hand, no definite decrease in the total number of sexual partners was reported by patients attending the clinic for Venereal Diseases in Godthåb. It is emphasized that the incidence of gonorrhoea has decreased markedly but it is still considerably higher than the incidence in Denmark. Continued and active prophylactic efforts are still required.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[Consumption of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy by health advisors. An investigation of nurses, nurses' aides, physicians and school teachers].
Health staff and elementary school teachers are key persons in prophylactic activity which is based on personal contact between the advisor and recipient. It is conceivable that their own habits play a part in how prophylactic information is distributed. This investigation describes how groups such as these consume alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy. As part of a local community experiment in which pregnant women in Odense participated in an information campaign from April 1985 to April 1987, information was collected concerning the habits of pregnant women until the 36th week of pregnancy. This information was collected in self-completed questionnaires which were sent anonymously to the Department of Social Medicine in Odense University. 87% out of the 13,815 pregnant women who attended midwives' clinics from April 1984 to April 1987 in Odense and Aalborg were included in the investigation. The following groups were selected for further analysis: nurses (627 women), nursing aides (492 women), doctors (85 women) and school teachers (468 women) and the group of office workers (1,136 women) was employed for comparison. The investigation revealed that school teachers, doctors and nurses had higher average consumption of alcohol during pregnancy than office workers. On the other hand, these groups has fewer episodes with consumption of eight or more drinks on a single occasion. Similarly, elementary school teachers, and the health groups (with the exception of nursing aides) smoked less. This investigation provided no evidence that these selected groups altered their habits on account of the informative campaigns which were directed to all pregnant women in the Odense region.
Adult↗
[The sexual habits of young Greenlanders and their knowledge of AIDS. A study done among students in vocational schools in Greenland in 1989].
A questionnaire investigation was undertaken among young Greenlanders in vocational training about their knowledge of AIDS and their sexual habits as a link in monitoring of the course of AIDS prophylaxis in Greenland. The investigation was anonymous and was carried out in the vocational colleges with assistance of a contact person in the college. All of the students who were present on the day of investigation (264 out of 326 students) participated. The investigation revealed that 3/4 had basic knowledge about AIDS but their knowledge about the routes of infection was less certain. The average age for commencement of sexual activity was 18.9 years for men and 17.3 years for women. Although the investigation revealed that a number of the participants had sexual habits which scarcely differed from those in other countries, the average number of partners within the past year was stated to be 7.5 for men and 4.4 for women. Information which can provide young people with better knowledge about AIDS should be given via colleges and health service institutions to a greater extent. It is also recommended that materials should be developed which are directed particularly to high-risk groups.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Congenital malformations and death among the offspring of Danish pharmacy assistants.
Congenital malformations, stillbirth, and infant mortality were studied in a cohort of all female pharmacy assistants in Denmark under the age of 40 years who were members of the national union in 1979 to 1984 (4,939). Data on all births and deaths during first year of life during the study period were identified through the national birth register. Information on type of work, exposures, and life-style variables were obtained by postal questionnaires, to which 93% responded. In general, pharmacy assistants had a low frequency of congenital malformation and death among their offspring. Compared with an internal reference group, pharmacy assistants engaged in production or packing of pharmaceutical products experienced an increased prevalence of congenital malformations among their offspring. Working with identification and controls showed a slightly increased risk of death during the first year of life of the children. This could indicate occupational risks, but other explanations cannot be excluded.
Adult↗
Development of the giraffe horn and its blood supply.
The giraffe horn is an unusual cranial exostosis that lacks clear delineation and categorization as either horn or antler. The distinction between the two is made by contrasting their methods of development and basic composition. This process of development has not been detailed in the giraffe, a factor contributing to the difficulty in distinguishing the classification of these horns. In a chronological series of giraffe horns from prenatal and postnatal animals, we have observed unique morphologies that define their proper location on the skull, the blood supply to them, and the transitions involved in their histological development. While our observations have facilitated the classification of the giraffe horn, our interpretations were not always in accord with previous reports.
Animals↗
Coital frequency and twinning.
In a comparative study to enquire whether parents of twins, especially of dizygotic twins, have a higher frequency of sexual intercourse than parents of singleton infants, data on sociodemographic status, coital frequency and other variables were collected using a postal questionnaire. Parents of all twins born alive in Denmark in 1984 or 1985 were included as cases and a random sample of parents of singleton infants born in the same period were controls. No evidence of any difference in coital frequency was found between parents of twins (neither dizygotic twins nor monozygotic) and parents of singleton infants.
Adult↗
Does fish consumption during pregnancy increase fetal growth? A study of the size of the newborn, placental weight and gestational age in relation to fish consumption during pregnancy.
This study investigates whether consumption of fish during pregnancy may prolong gestation or increase fetal growth. From 1984 to 1987, 11,980 pregnant Danish women filled out a questionnaire while they were in the 36th week of gestation; this was 83% of all such women living in two geographically defined areas. The women were divided into four strata dependent on having consumed a fish meal 0, 1-2, 3-4, or 5+ times during the previous month. In non-smokers, a one level increase in fish consumption was, after adjusting for 19 other variables in a multiple regression model, found to be associated with an increase of 11 g in placental weight, 0.08 cm in head circumference and 16 g in birthweight (95% confidence intervals (CI) 5 to 17 g (p = 0.0002), 0.02 to 0.14 cm (p = 0.02), and -2 to 34 g (p = 0.09), respectively); no associations with birth length or gestational age could be detected (95% Cl-0.07 to 0.11 cm (p = 0.7) and -0.82 to 0.05 days (p = 0.2), respectively, per level change in fish consumption). None of the associations seen in non-smokers were seen in smokers. We postulate that the associations seen in non-smokers could be due to marine n-3 fatty acids improving placental blood flow by increasing the ratio of prostacyclins to thromboxane. Smoking may possibly interfere with this mechanism via nicotine's inhibitory effect on platelet thromboxane production.
Animals↗
Mucosal/submucosal blood flow in the small intestine in pigs determined by local washout of 133Xe and microsphere techniques.
In 11 anaesthetized pigs a laparotomy was performed and the mucosal and submucosal blood flow rate in the small intestine of the pig was determined by a local application of 133Xe and by 6.5-microns radioactive microspheres. The 133Xe washout plotted in a semilogarithmic diagram showed a multiexponential configuration. As localization studies of 133Xe in the intestinal mucosa showed a constant high concentration of 133Xe in the luminal part of the mucosa due to shunting by diffusion, the initial slope of the 133Xe washout was used for blood flow determination in the mucosa/submucosa. There was a good relationship between blood flow determined by the two techniques. The correlation coefficient, R, between the two techniques was 0.89.
Animals↗
Association of country, sex, social class, and life cycle to locus of control in western European countries.
Relatively few studies have focused on causal factors in the development of locus of control. Here nine western European countries are studied to assess the hypothesis that the society in which one lives is important in the scores on locus of control. The data indicate greater variation resulting from country of residence on locus of control than that from the variables of life cycle, sex, and social class. Findings regarding these latter variables are congruent with previous research. In addition, being single was related to having an external locus of control.
Adolescent↗
Risk of spontaneous abortion among Danish pharmacy assistants.
A national study of the risk of medically verified spontaneous abortion was conducted among all pharmacy assistants in Denmark. The cohort was defined as 4939 female members of the Association of Danish Pharmacy Technicians between 1979 and 1984, all under the age of 40 years. Data on spontaneous and induced abortions, and births as well, were obtained from the national registers from the same time period. Data on work history and exposure to pharmaceuticals and chemicals were collected from self-administered postal questionnaires in April 1985 with a response rate of 93%. Studies of spontaneous abortion give rise to many methodological problems. In this study data were analyzed in a case-referent model using pharmacy assistants in administration and at the counter as the reference group. Generally, pharmacy assistants are at low risk with respect to spontaneous abortion. However, a few statistically significant results were found, but a decision on their importance must await further research.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
Low birthweight, congenital malformations, and spontaneous abortions among dry-cleaning workers in Scandinavia.
With a common study protocol, case-referent studies within cohorts were performed in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland to study reproductive hazards of women doing dry-cleaning work. Due to national differences not all of the studies could follow exactly the same procedures in data collection, but they were all based on the linkage of cohorts of dry-cleaning and laundry workers to national registers of births and reproductive failures. Summary measures from each study were combined without the data being pooled. The most significant finding was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion among the most exposed women in the Finnish data. This finding was only supported by the results of the other studies to a minor degree, and the combined odds ratio had confidence limits which included unity.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
Interpretation of "negative" studies in occupational epidemiology.
Two criteria for an interpretation of noneffect are that the relative risk estimate be near unity and that the confidence interval be narrow; lack of statistical significance has no bearing on this issue. A further requirement is that the relative risk estimate not be near the null value as an effect of non-differential exposure misclassification, negative confounding, or some other systematic error. Occasionally, when results are unexpected or difficult to accept, studies are "underinterpreted" as negative or inconclusive on the basis of arguments such as "confounding," "crude exposure assessment," or "lack of a known mechanism." The present paper supports the position that these arguments are commonly invalid. Scientific standards should be used to separate causal associations from noncausal ones, but in public health decisions this practice has to be balanced by the principle that the "benefit of the doubt" should be given to the persons subject to potential risk.
Bias↗
Subfecundity according to the age of the mother and the father.
Time to pregnancy according to the age of the father and the mother has been studied among 10,886 couples from Odense and Aalborg. Late in their pregnancy (36th week) all woman in the two cities were given a questionnaire on time to pregnancy as well as a number of other items. Eighty-six percent responded to this questionnaire, and data concerning previous pregnancies, the outcome of the pregnancy in question, etc., were later collected from medical files. The study showed a strong correlation between mother's age and subfecundity, even after adjustment for a number of potential confounders. The association between subfecundity and the age of the father was much weaker and did not reach statistical significance. Interpretations and implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
Adolescent↗
Onset of transcription of the aminopeptidase N (leukemia antigen CD 13) gene at the crypt/villus transition zone during rabbit enterocyte differentiation.
The sequence of a cDNA clone (2.82 kbp) of rabbit intestinal aminopeptidase N (CD 13) is reported. Using the corresponding anti-sense RNA probe, the distribution of aminopeptidase N mRNA along the crypt/villus axis of the rabbit small intestine was studied by in situ hybridization. The aminopeptidase N gene is expressed along the whole length of the villus with a maximum at its base. Expression was not detected in the crypt cells. The distribution of aminopeptidase N mRNA correlates with the presence of active enzyme as monitored by histochemical staining. The results are compatible with onset of transcription of the aminopeptidase N gene at the crypt/villus transition zone during the enterocyte differentiation.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Sexual behavior and knowledge of AIDS. A study among young people in Greenland].
All of the tenth grade pupils in schools in Greenland participated in an investigation about the sexual behaviour of young Greenlanders and their knowledge about AIDS. This formed part of monitoring of the stop-AIDS campaign in Greenland. The investigation was carried out by distribution of anonymous questionnaires in the schools on 17.10.1988-21.10.1988. All of the pupils present (440 out of 539) participated. The investigation revealed that nearly all had heard about AIDS. Many know how the infection is spread and how the infection can be prevented. A great deal of information is still required and, perhaps to a great extent, information in the Greenlandic language. Greenlandic girls are somewhat more sexually active than boys of the corresponding ages in the same class but, in general, the number of sexual partners is relatively high when this age group is considered. The investigation will be repeated in exactly the same way at a later date to provide insight about how behaviour and knowledge are altered in relation to the AIDS campaign.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Prognostic factors in inoperable adenocarcinoma of the lung: a multivariate regression analysis of 259 patients.
The prognostic factors for survival in advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung were investigated in a consecutive series of 259 patients treated with chemotherapy. Twenty-eight pretreatment variables were investigated by use of Cox's multivariate regression model, including histological subtypes and degree of differentiation, the new international staging system for lung cancer, and seven laboratory parameters. Staging of the patients included bone marrow examination but were otherwise nonextensive without routine bone, liver, and brain scans. Factors predicting poor survival were low performance status, stage IV disease, no prior nonradical resection, liver metastases, high values of white blood cell count, and lactate dehydrogenase, and low values of asparatate aminotransaminase. The nonradical resection may not be a prognostic factor because of the resection itself but may rather serve as an indicator for patients having minimal disease spread. Liver metastases were of limited clinical value as a prognostic factor because they were detected in only seven cases in this patient population. A new Cox analysis ignoring the influence of this variable revealed no other variables than those occurring in the former Cox model to be of importance (performance status, stage, surgical resection, WBC, aspartate aminotransaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase). This simplified model appears to be a feasible clinical tool, allowing for prognostic stratification of patients when first the inoperability of the patient is known.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Accurate static and dynamic polarizabilities of Li-
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