Successful flap revascularization following late pedicle avulsion.
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Anastomosis, Surgical↗
Biomedical subjects
J O'Donoghue
Publications and source records attributed to J O'Donoghue.
Lack of induction of micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone (HQ) has been reported to produce chromosomal effects in some in vivo and in vitro animal models. Its potential for inducing similar effects in human lymphocytes is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine human lymphocytes treated with HQ for the presence of chromosomal anomalies, using an accepted assay for micronuclei. In addition, the stability of HQ in culture medium was determined to verify exposures. Lymphocyte cultures were obtained from eight donors so that variable responses amongst individuals could be assessed. The micronucleus assays utilized were a common 72 h assay with no wash, as well as two assay variations to maximize cell division. Assay variations consisted of either cell washing at 44 h or allowing unwashed cultures an extra 24 h recovery period before harvest. In all assays treatment was at 24 h post-mitogenic stimulation and cytochalasin B was added to stop dividing cells from undergoing cytokinesis. Thus, cells that were scored had undergone one division in the presence of the chemical. Stability results showed that while HQ was detectable in cultures at least for 15 h, it was considerably more stable at 25 than at 100 or 250 microM treatment levels. Results generated using any of the three micronucleus assay variations showed no significant increase in micronuclei in cultures treated with 12.5-200 microM HQ. Colchicine, the positive control and a known spindle disrupter, produced elevated levels of micronuclei. At certain HQ concentrations, a block in cell division was observed, as evidenced by a decrease in percent binucleated cells and replicative index end-points. By varying the assay conditions, cell cultures overcame this block in division and divided at HQ concentrations up to 200 microM, depending on the donor. The reversible block in cell division observed may be a protective response, allowing cells to recover without gross chromosomal damage. This study has substantially expanded the database with regard to the effects of HQ treatment on lymphocytes.
Adolescent↗
Evaluation of a sustained 7-year health education campaign on leprosy in Rufiji District, Tanzania.
To assess the impact of a 7-year intensive health education campaign about leprosy delivered by workers of the Kindwitwi Leprosy Trust to schoolchildren and general public in Rufiji District. Knowledge, attitude and beliefs towards leprosy were measured in Rufiji and compared to neighbouring Kisarawe District as control. Lessons learned from this analysis may be useful for the planning and evaluating of health education campaigns. Interview of schoolchildren, general public, community leaders, traditional healers and medical staff in both districts. A stratified randomized sampling scheme was used, with stratification for urban and rural settings. A representative sample of schoolchildren, general public, community leaders, traditional healers and medical staff in Rufiji District and in the control area of Kisarawe District was interviewed. The interviews were partly structured and partly open. The results of the interviews were analysed in the context of epidemiological leprosy data from 1985 till 1995, and demographic data of both districts. Data entry and statistical analysis was done using FileMaker Pro, Stata and Excel computer packages. We did not observe positive effects of the health education campaign on the indicators regarding early diagnosis of leprosy with less disability. Leprosy case detection was declining in both districts. We found that the campaign had a favourable impact on the knowledge and the attitude of schoolchildren in Rufiji District. We could demonstrate a relationship between increased knowledge of leprosy and a positive, less stigmatizing attitude. Knowledge of leprosy was better in Rufiji as compared to Kisarawe, but only among schoolchildren. We found indications that low level of education, rural residence, older age, female gender and Moslem religion were associated with stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs towards leprosy. Knowledge about leprosy reactions among medical staff interviewed was not optimal. The exact outcome of the sustained campaign in Rufiji District was difficult to assess because no comparison could be made with the situation prior to the campaign. However, the health education campaign was associated with increased knowledge and diminished tendency to stigmatize leprosy among schoolchildren. Health education campaigns have to be sustained and have to cover a broad sector of the society in order to induce behavioural changes in the community. The focus of health education should be rural communities and schools, and pay special attention to women, religious leaders and traditional healers. Awareness of diagnosis and treatment of leprosy reactions among medical staff should be improved.
Adolescent↗
A code of ethics for the medical dosimetrist--the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists experience.
The Committee on Protocol and Ethics of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) has developed a Code of Ethics for a radiation oncology society of medical dosimetrists. The purpose of the code of ethics is fourfold: (1) Establish an ideal of professional conduct specific to the medical dosimetry profession; (2) Develop a statement of the moral values and commitment of the AAMD; (3) Recognize professional relationships and obligations; and (4) Define goals to which the medical dosimetrist should aspire. The Code of Ethics was adopted as AAMD policy in October 1995.
Ethics, Medical↗
A code of ethics for the medical dosimetrist--the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists experience.
The Committee on Protocol and Ethics of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) has developed a Code of Ethics for a radiation oncology society of medical dosimetrists. The purpose of the code of ethics is fourfold: (1) Establish an ideal of professional conduct specific to the medical dosimetry profession; (2) Develop a statement of the moral values and commitment of the AAMD; (3) Recognize professional relationships and obligations; and (4) Define goals to which the medical dosimetrist should aspire. The Code of Ethics was adopted as AAMD policy in October 1995.
Ethics, Medical↗
A code of ethics for the medical dosimetrist--the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists experience.
The Committee on Protocol and Ethics of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) has developed a Code of Ethics for a radiation oncology society of medical dosimetrists. The purpose of the code of ethics is fourfold: (1) Establish an ideal of professional conduct specific to the medical dosimetry profession; (2) Develop a statement of the moral values and commitment of the AAMD; (3) Recognize professional relationships and obligations; and (4) Define goals to which the medical dosimetrist should aspire. The Code of Ethics was adopted as AAMD policy in October 1995.
Ethics, Medical↗
A code of ethics for the medical dosimetrist--the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists experience.
The Committee on Protocol and Ethics of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) has developed a Code of Ethics for a radiation oncology society of medical dosimetrists. The purpose of the code of ethics is fourfold: (1) Establish an ideal of professional conduct specific to the medical dosimetry profession; (2) Develop a statement of the moral values and commitment of the AAMD; (3) Recognize professional relationships and obligations; and (4) Define goals to which the medical dosimetrist should aspire. The Code of Ethics was adopted as AAMD policy in October 1995.
Ethics, Professional↗
A code of ethics for the medical dosimetrist--the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists experience.
The Committee on Protocol and Ethics of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) has developed a Code of Ethics for a radiation oncology society of medical dosimetrists. The purpose of the code of ethics is fourfold: (1) Establish an ideal of professional conduct specific to the medical dosimetry profession; (2) Develop a statement of the moral values and commitment of the AAMD; (3) Recognize professional relationships and obligations; and (4) Define goals to which the medical dosimetrist should aspire. The Code of Ethics was adopted as AAMD policy in October 1995.
Ethics, Professional↗
A code of ethics for the medical dosimetrist--the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists experience.
The Committee on Protocol and Ethics of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) has developed a Code of Ethics for a radiation oncology society of medical dosimetrists. The purpose of the code of ethics is fourfold: (1) Establish an ideal of professional conduct specific to the medical dosimetry profession; (2) Develop a statement of the moral values and commitment of the AAMD; (3) Recognize professional relationships and obligations; and (4) Define goals to which the medical dosimetrist should aspire. The Code of Ethics was adopted as AAMD policy in October 1995.
Ethics, Medical↗
Does patient-controlled analgesia lead to delayed diagnosis of lower limb compartment syndrome?
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Adult↗
Zimbabwe's AIDS action programme for schools: a case study.
AIDS is the leading cause of death amongst adults in Zimbabwe and the major contributor to rising rates of infant, child and maternal mortality. About 9% of the population are HIV-positive and the number of orphans due to AIDS is projected to reach 600,000 by the year 2000. Around 90% of HIV transmission in Zimbabwe happens through heterosexual intercourse.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Animal behavioral methods in neurotoxicity assessment: SGOMSEC joint report.
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Animals↗
Microvascular replantation of a completely avulsed scalp.
Total scalp avulsion is an unusual injury. To obtain good functional and cosmetic results, immediate revascularization using microsurgical techniques and replacement of the scalp in the correct anatomical position is the procedure of choice. This article describes a case report of successful replantation of a totally avulsed scalp from a 26-year-old male. Bilateral superficial temporal vessel anastomoses were performed using reversed autologous long saphenous vein grafts on the right side and direct repair on the left. Points of technique are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Accidents, Occupational↗
N-myc gene copy number in neuroblastoma cell lines and resistance to experimental treatment.
The N-myc oncogene is amplified in approximately 30% of neuroblastomas. It is well established that cases of neuroblastoma with amplified N-myc have markedly poorer prognosis than those in which N-myc copy number is not elevated. The mechanism for this association is not known but may be related to cellular resistance to radiation or cytotoxic drugs. Seven human neuroblastoma cell lines were used to investigate the relationship between N-myc copy number or expression and sensitivity to ionising radiation and to cisplatin. N-myc copy number was assessed by Southern blotting and hybridisation using the p-Nb1 probe. The signal produced by DNA from the cell lines was compared with that of single copy N-myc from normal human placental DNA. A range of N-myc copy numbers from 1 to 800 was found. Expression levels of N-myc mRNA were compared by "dot blotting" and subsequent hybridisation to the p-Nb1 probe. Radiosensitivity was assessed by surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) following 60Co gamma irradiation. Values ranged from 0.13 to 0.52. Sensitivity to cisplatin was indicated by comparison of isoeffective concentrations (concentration required to produce 1 log cell kill). These ranged from 7.5 to 13 microM. Cisplatin studies showed a correlation between N-myc copy number (though not expression) and resistance to this drug. If this relationship is causal it may explain why treatment fails in those patients with an elevated N-myc copy number. However, no correlation was found between N-myc copy number or expression and sensitivity to radiation. It is possible that N-myc amplification confers resistance to some but not all treatments used in the therapy of neuroblastoma. Further investigations along these lines may lead to the identification of agents which are most appropriate for the treatment of neuroblastoma with amplified N-myc gene.
Blotting, Southern↗
Laparoscopic removal of an intraabdominal seminoma.
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Abdominal Neoplasms↗
An analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic biopsy and cytology in the detection of oesophageal malignancy.
The role of combined cytohistological examination in the differentiation of benign from malignant oesophageal mucosal lesions was studied in 331 patients. Malignancy was confirmed by specimen histopathology in 58 patients. Both endoscopic biopsy and cytology were positive in 41 (71%) patients. Endoscopic biopsy alone suggested malignancy in 10 cases (17%) while cytology was positive after negative biopsy in seven (12%). Cytology yielded four false positive and 10 false negative results giving a sensitivity level of 81%, a specificity of 98% and a positive predictive value for oesophageal malignancy of 92%. Histology on the other hand yielded one false positive and seven false negative results providing a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 99% and a positive predictive value of 96%. No patients were left undiagnosed using both diagnostic modalities; cytology increased the diagnostic yield from 87% to 100%. Exfoliative cytology was most valuable in the diagnosis of tumours of the lower one-third of the oesophagus where seven of 31 malignancies (23%) were identified by this method alone (P less than 0.05). Neither the histological type of the tumour nor the morphological appearance was found significantly to affect the diagnostic yield (P greater than 0.05). We conclude that cytological examination should be standard practice in the investigation of oesophageal lesions.
Biopsy↗
Perforated appendicitis in an incisional hernia.
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Appendicitis↗
A 14-week vapor inhalation toxicity study of methyl isobutyl ketone.
In a 2-week probe study male and female Fischer-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed 6 hr/day to 2000, 500, 100, or 0 ppm methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). At 2000 ppm there was a slight increase in male rat liver weight (absolute and relative). The only changes observed histologically were increases in regenerative tubular epithelia and hyalin droplets in kidneys of male rats exposed to 2000 or 500 ppm. Exposure levels for a subchronic study were 0, 50, 250, or 1000 ppm methyl isobutyl ketone vapors 6 hr/day, 5 days per week, for 14 weeks. The 14 weeks of exposure had no adverse effect on the clinical health or growth of rats or mice. Male rats and male mice exposed to 1000 ppm MIBK had a slight but statistically significant increase in liver weight and the liver weight/body weight ratio. Liver weight was also increased slightly in male mice exposed to 250 ppm. No gross or microscopic hepatic lesions related to MIBK exposure were observed. Furthermore, the only microscopic change observed was an increase in the incidence and extent of hyalin droplets within proximal tubular cells of the kidneys of male rats exposed to 250 and 1000 ppm of MIBK. The relevance of the male rat kidney tubular effect to humans is not known. In conclusion, other than the male rat kidney effect, exposure of male and female rats and mice to MIBK at levels up to 1000 ppm for 14 weeks was without significant toxicological effect.
Administration, Inhalation↗