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Biomedical subjects

J O Ebbert

Publications and source records attributed to J O Ebbert.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women.

PURPOSE: We conducted this study because the duration of excess lung cancer risk among former smokers has been inconsistently reported, doubt has been raised regarding the population impact of smoking cessation, and differential risk reduction by histologic cell type after smoking cessation needs to be confirmed. METHODS: The Iowa Women's Health Study is a prospective cohort study of 41,836 Iowa women aged 55 to 69 years. In 1986, mailed questionnaires were used to collect detailed smoking history. Age-adjusted lung cancer incidence through 1999 was analyzed according to years of smoking abstinence. Relative risks were estimated using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: There were 37,078 women in the analytic cohort. Compared with the never smokers, former smokers had an elevated lung cancer risk (relative risk, 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 5.0 to 8.7) up to 30 years after smoking cessation for all former smokers. However, a beneficial effect of smoking cessation was observed among recent and distant former smokers. The risk of adenocarcinoma remained elevated up to 30 years for both former heavier and former lighter smokers. CONCLUSION: The risk for lung cancer is increased for both current and former smokers compared with never smokers and declines for former smokers with increasing duration of abstinence. The decline in excess lung cancer risk among former smokers is prolonged compared with other studies, especially for adenocarcinoma and for heavy smokers, suggesting that more emphasis should be placed on smoking prevention and lung cancer chemoprevention.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Tobacco use outcomes of adolescents treated clinically for nicotine dependence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tobacco use outcomes and baseline characteristics of adolescents treated for nicotine dependence. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center, Rochester, Minn. PATIENTS: Ninety-six adolescents (60 boys, 36 girls) receiving clinical services for treatment of nicotine dependence between January 1, 1988, and November 30, 1997. Their mean age was 15.6 years (range, 11-17 years), and 91.7% were white. INTERVENTION: The Nicotine Dependence Center intervention involves a 45-minute consultation with a nicotine dependence counselor. A treatment plan individualized to the patient's needs is then developed. Telephone follow-up is conducted at 6 and 12 months. As part of this study, a long-term follow-up was conducted by telephone at a mean of 5.3 years (range, 1.6-10.6 years) following the intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported 7-day point-prevalence abstinence from tobacco at 6 and 12 months, and 30-day point-prevalence tobacco abstinence at the long-term follow-up. RESULTS: The tobacco abstinence rates were 17.7% (17/96 patients) at 6 months, 7.3% (7/96 patients) at 12 months, and 11.5% (11/96 patients) at the long-term follow-up. A high proportion of the sample had smoking-related medical morbidity and psychiatric diagnoses documented in the medical record prior to or at the time of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents utilize the medical community to seek treatment for nicotine dependence. The 6-month tobacco abstinence rate is higher than the estimates of the natural history of smoking cessation in adolescents. Medical and psychiatric diagnoses are common in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The journal club in postgraduate medical education: a systematic review.

An investigation was made as to whether studies have found journal clubs for physicians in training to be effective for improving patient. care, teaching critical appraisal skills, improving reading habits, increasing knowledge of clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, and increasing the use of medical literature in clinical practice. A literature search was undertaken using 10 databases and retrieval systems and hand searches of journals, conference proceedings and personal files. The rigor of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was analyzed using a protocol based on methods established by the Cochrane Collaboration. One randomized controlled trial found an improvement in knowledge of clinical epidemiology and biostaristics, reading habits, and the use of medical literature in practice, but no improvement in critical appraisal skills. Six less methodologically rigorous studies found possible improvement in critical appraisal skills. It is concluded that journal clubs may improve knowledge of clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, reading habits, and the use of medical literature in practice. A multi-center, randomized controlled trial of journal clubs is needed to assess whether journal clubs improve critical appraisal skills.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

"E-handouts".

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Internship and Residency↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of nicotine dependence.

Nicotine dependence is characterized by periods of relapse and remission. Health care workers can have a pivotal role in the treatment of nicotine dependence. Smokers should be identified and categorized based on their readiness to change. Smokers who are preparing to stop smoking should be given multicomponent therapy in a step-care approach using behavioral treatment, addiction treatment, pharmacotherapy, and techniques of relapse prevention. Pharmacotherapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for smoking interventions include sustained-release bupropion, nicotine gum, the nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, and nicotine patches.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Differential regulation of cyclin B1 RNA and protein expression during hepatocyte growth in vivo.

Cyclin genes and their products are important regulatory participants in the eukaryotic cell cycle. It is well established that cyclin B1 protein forms a complex with cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), which, when activated, initiates mitosis. We have previously established that cyclin B1 gene expression is posttranscriptionally regulated in regenerating rat liver after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). We now report further characterization of cyclin B1 gene expression, as well as that of CDK1 and cdc25B, in this unique in vivo model of cell proliferation. Cyclin B1 transcripts were detected by RNase protection through 96 h of liver regeneration and exhibited dramatic changes in steady-state levels. Peak expressions occurred at 24-30 h, more significantly at 42-48, and at 72 h. By Northern blot analysis, single transcripts for CDK1 and cdc25B were detected, and the temporal expression of both transcripts during liver regeneration mirrored that of cyclin B1. By Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses, cyclin B1 protein levels did not change significantly in either nuclear or cytoplasmic fractions, whereas CDK1 protein levels paralleled their associated RNA expression. Cdc25B protein levels steadily decreased from 0 to 96 h after PH. In addition, cytoplasmic protein levels of cyclin B1 exhibited a constant distribution in subfractions of microsome- and polysome-associated and free proteins. Cyclin B1 RNA also localized to these three cytoplasmic subfractions. Finally, the apparent translational activity of cyclin B1 transcripts was very similar at both 24 and 48 h after PH, in contrast to their respective mRNA half-lives. In a peroxisome proliferation model of hepatocyte growth and apoptosis, cyclin B1 and CDK1 proteins were induced in the absence of transcript up-regulation. Our results demonstrate that cyclin B1 mRNA steady-state levels are regulated posttranscriptionally in regenerating rat liver. Furthermore, the pattern of cyclin B1 transcript expression is paralleled by that of the CDK1 gene, whereas their respective protein steady-state levels provide a striking contrast. Finally, cyclin B1 is differentially regulated by an uncoupling of transcript abundance and translational processing in two in vivo models of hepatocyte growth. The abundance of cyclin B1 protein in nonreplicating cells suggests that cyclin B1 may be available for other cellular pathways in the hepatocyte.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Report of a rotavirus outbreak in an adult nursing home population.

UNLABELLED: Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA enteric virus that is the most important cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to a life-threatening illness. Rotavirus occasionally afflicts adult members of the infected infant's family, geriatric patients, and immunocompromised hosts. We report the outbreak of rotavirus infection in a large nursing home facility. REPORT: In September 1996, 19 residents and 15 staff members of a 64-bed nursing home facility began to develop an acute, febrile illness associated with vomiting and diarrhea. The Public Health Service conducted an outbreak investigation. The infection displayed fecal-to-oral transmission with an incubation period of 1 to 2 days. The median duration of illness was 3 days for residents and 1 day for staff members. One resident died as a result of illness complications. Stool antigen tests from five residents and two employees were positive for rotavirus. Infection control policies were reevaluated, and interventions to arrest the outbreak were undertaken. The employee sick leave policy was strictly enforced. Education seminars were held, with employees reinforcing the concepts of enteric isolation and proper handwashing techniques. Surfaces and objects in the dining area were disinfected with a weak chloride solution. Once these measures were implemented, the rotavirus outbreak was contained. CONCLUSION: Rotavirus is a common cause of infectious diarrhea that can afflict the geriatric population. When infection occurs in a nursing home facility, rapid transmission can develop and morbidity can result. Nursing home infection control policies need to be evaluated constantly and new measures need to be implemented should an outbreak of rotavirus occur.

Journal Article↗