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Biomedical subjects

J Nixon

Publications and source records attributed to J Nixon.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Immunologic and virologic studies of measles inclusion body encephalitis in an immunosuppressed host: the relationship to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

An immunosuppressed child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in clinical remission developed measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE). Although measles antigen and nonbudding measles virus nucleocapsids were detected in brain tissue, no virus was isolated. Immune precipitation of measles virus proteins with the patient's serum showed no detectable antibody to virus M protein, a finding that has been reported in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The virologic and immune precipitation studies suggest a similar virus mutation in MIBE and SSPE. The pathogenesis of the two diseases may also be similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Norms for the social class distribution: reference data for epidemiological and health studies.

The influence of social class and socioeconomic status on health risk is enormous. To interpret apparent clustering of disease and accident patterns in the community, quantitative estimates of the normal socioeconomic profile are required. This study provides such reference data for epidemiology and health studies. Three Australian scales of social stratafication have been used--Congalton's four-point and seven-point scales, and the six-point scale of Broom-Jones-Zubrzycki. Population norms for socio-occupational ranking, by sex, are presented both as frequency distribution histograms and as reference tables. The use of such tables in health studies is discussed with relevance to public health campaigns (for example, antismoking campaigns), and to the investigation of disease patterns within society.

Australia↗
PubMed1980

Dog bite injuries to children: potential rabies threat to Australia.

A consecutive series of 800 mammalian bites is reported from The Canberra Hospital. Of these, 66% were dog bites; 119 children were bitten by dogs (requiring hospital attention) over a 30-month period, giving an average dog-bite rate for the total population of 184 per 100,000 per year. One dog in 38 causes an injury requiring hospital attention. Thirty-seven per cent of the 119 children were bitten on the face and head, the modal age for this type of injury being three years. Ten per cent of cases required sutures. Each year, one person in 540 suffers from a dog-bite requiring hospital attention. If rabies became endemic, 26,000 antirabies immunization regimens would have to be undertaken annually for dog-bite alone, and a total of 38,000 annually for mammalian bites of all types.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Who accepts first aid training?

The percentage of individuals trained in first aid skills in the general community is inadequate. We report here a study to investigate factors which influence motivation to accept voluntary training in first aid. A group of 700 randomly selected owners of inground swimming pools (a parental high-risk group) was offered a course of formal first aid instruction. Nine per cent attended the offered training course. The time commitment involved in traditional courses (eight training nights spread over four weeks) is not a deterrent, the same percentage accepting such courses as that who accept a course of one night's instruction. Cost is an important deterrent factor, consumer resistance rising over 15 cost units (one cost unit = the price of a loaf of bread). The level of competent first aid training within the community can be raised by (a) keeping to traditional course content, but (b) by ensuring a higher acceptance rate of first aid courses by a new approach to publicity campaigns, to convince prospective students of the real worth of first aid training. Questions concerning who should be taught first aid, and factors influencing motivation, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Orthopaedic complications of renal transplantation.

One hundred and eighty-one patients who underwent renal transplantation between 1973 and 1979 have been reviewed. Thirty of these developed one or more orthopaedic complications. The commonest and most serious was avascular necrosis of bone and the treatment of 14 patients with this condition is described. Transplant recipients who developed this complication received twice the total dose of steroids in the six months after transplantation than a control group with no avascular necrosis. The management and pathology of patients with avascular necrosis is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Are swimming pools becoming more dangerous?

The rate of childhood drowning and near-drowning accidents in home swimming pools has doubled over the last five years. A study has been undertaken to determine whether this is due simply to an absolute increase in the number of home swimming pools, or whether pools themselves are becoming intrinsically more dangerous, or both. Direct measurement of pool-house ratios has been undertaken by means of aerial photography. Supportive data have been obtained from municipal records. Pool-home ratios for the cities of Canberra and Brisbane are compared (estimated 1: 10.7, and 1:13.3 respectively). It is suggested that swimming pools are not becoming intrinsically more dangerous to children; the data suggest that effective pool legislation will prevent childhood drownings in spite of increasing trends in home pool ownership.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1977

Further developments of the 'present state examination' and CATEGO system.

Some further developments of the PSE and CATEGO system are reported. The shorter ninth revision of the PSE, together with its glossary of definitions of symptoms, has proved useful in skilled hands and certain sources of error in the eighth edition have been reduced. The Syndrome Check List and Aetiology Schedule have proved useful in decreasing the number of coding errors.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Prevention of childhood drowning accidents.

The data from the Brisban Drowning Study have been analysed in this article to provide guidelines for preventive strategies. The separate causal links comprising the drowning chain have been identified, and quantitative scores have been assigned to the three identifiable groups of causative factors--environmental, parent-related and victim-related. The identifiable causes of child drowning are absence of a safety barrier or fence around the water hazard, non-supervision of a child, a parental "vulnerable period", an inadequate safety barrier, and tempting objects in or on the water. Effective environmental control can be achieved only through legislation. The complementary role of a public educational thrust in discussed. Increasing the tempo of "drownproofing* and of teaching children to swim will help, but the expected reduction in deaths and near-deaths from this strategy alone cannot yet be assessed. Compulsory first aid training for pool owners is required. Costs of implementing a total drowning preventive programme are presented.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Swimming pool immersion accidents: an analysis from the Brisbane drowning study.

An analysis of a consecutive series of 66 swimming pool immersion accidents is presented; 74% of these occurred in in-ground swimming pools. The estimated accident rate per pool is five times greater for in-ground pools compared with above-ground pools, where pools are inadequately fenced. Backyard swimming pools account for 74% of pool acidents. Motel and caravan park pools account for 9% of childhood immersion accidents, but the survival rate (17%) is very low. Fifty per cent of pool accidents occur in the family's own backyard pool, and 13.6% in a neighbour's pool; in the latter the survival rate is still low at only 33%. In only one of the 66 cases was there an adequate safety fence; in 76% of cases there was no fence or barrier whatsoever. Tables of swimming pool accidents by age, season, site and outcome are presented.

Accidents↗
PubMed1977

Bathtub immersion accidents involving children.

A review of 19 consecutive serious bathtub immersion accidents (11 survivals, 8 fatalities) is presented. In all instances, consciousness was lost in the water. Unlike other childhood accidents which usually show a male predominance, the sexes are equally affected. The modal age is 11 months. Six separate causes of bath drownings and near-drownings have been identified, and in 14 of the 19 accidents, two or more causes were operating concurrently. Median estimated immersion time for survivals was four minutes, and five minutes for fatalities. The median depth of water was eight inches. An 'at risk' profile for home bathtub drownings is presented; this includes the youngest or second youngest child of a large family, a family of grade 4 to 7 sociooccupational status (congalton) and a family in which routine is temporarily broken.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1977

Emotional sequelae of parents and sibs following the drowning or near-drowning of a child.

This study reports the findings from an investigation to evaluate the intra-family dynamics that occurred with 111 cases of childhood drowning and near-drowning in the City of Brisbane in 1971-1975. Personal interviews were obtained with 77 of the families. 24 per cent of parent-dyads separated following the drowning of their child, whereas none of the 54 families of surviving children separated. Accident generated stresses within the studied families tended to persist for years after the incident. Parents volunteered the information that they drank more, experienced sleep disorders and nightmares, and reported significant anxiety states. 19 per cent of parents of drowned children received specialist psychiatric treatment following the drowning. Two cases of surviving children received specialist psychiatric therapy (these were both parents who had inflicted non-accidental injury on their child, and had attempted to drown their child in the bath). In one sense, a child's death is more honourable from society's point of view if the child dies from a chronic medical illness such as leukaemia. In the case of a child's death in the family bath tub or the backyard swimming pool, the extra society sanctions of culpability and accusation further intensified the likelihood of the normal grief process being transformed into a pathological variant.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Cyclic peroxides and the thiobarbituric assay.

Several monocyclic peroxide compounds and two acyclic hydroperoxides have been tested for activity in the thiobarbituric acid test. All cyclic peroxides tested which have beta dioxygen functionality on non-tertiary carbons gave positive thiobarbituric acid tests at 532 nm. (epsilon = 10(3) --10(4)) Two acyclic unsaturated hydroperoxides which were derived from gamma-linolenic acid also gave positive thiobarbituric acid tests. In addition to the 532-nm-absorbing species, all peroxidic compounds tested showed a transient absorption at 450 nm during the thiobarbituric acid test. The species responsible for this 450 nm absorption appears to be an intermediate in a series reaction sequence. This intermediate is converted, in time, to the 532-nm-absorbing species. Thiobarbituric acid assay of the crude autoxidation product mixture of gamma-linolenic acid also shows this transient 450-nm-absorbing species. Added ferric ion enhances the 532 nm abosrbance of the thiobarbituric acid assay of cyclic peroxides.

Methods↗