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Biomedical subjects

J Newman

Publications and source records attributed to J Newman.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Risk factors for coronary heart disease mortality among persons with diabetes.

Although coronary heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among persons with diabetes, the risk factors for coronary heart disease have not been well established for this population. The authors performed a case-control analysis by using data from two large population-based surveys. Cases of persons who died of coronary heart disease were identified from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, and controls were taken from behavioral risk factor surveys conducted in 35 states in 1988. Diabetic women younger than 55 years with no other risk factors for coronary heart disease had a 16-fold higher risk of dying from coronary heart disease than did women without diabetes. About one-third of younger women who died of coronary heart disease had diabetes. Diabetic men less than 45 years old with no other risk factors for coronary heart disease had an eightfold higher risk of coronary heart disease mortality. Among older white men and women, diabetes increased the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease about twofold. In younger diabetics, current cigarette smoking was associated with a 50% increase in risk, and high blood pressure increased the risk more than threefold. In the older age group, risk factors for coronary heart disease mortality were similar among those with and those without diabetes: Cigarette smoking and high blood pressure each were associated with about a twofold increase in risk. Diabetes is a particularly strong risk factor for mortality from coronary heart disease in young adults. Smoking and blood pressure control represent major opportunities to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease among persons with diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Nucleotide exchange and rheometric studies with F-actin prepared from ATP- or ADP-monomeric actin.

It has recently been reported that polymer actin made from monomer containing ATP (ATP-actin) differed in EM appearance and rheological characteristics from polymer made from ADP-containing monomers (ADP-actin). Further, it was postulated that the ATP-actin polymer was more rigid due to storage of the energy released by ATP hydrolysis during polymerization (Janmey et al. 1990. Nature 347:95-99). Electron micrographs of our preparations of ADP-actin and ATP-actin polymers show no major differences in appearance of the filaments. Moreover, the dynamic viscosity parameters G' and G" measured for ATP-actin and ADP-actin polymers are very different from those reported by Janmey et al., in absolute value, in relative differences, and in frequency dependence. We suggest that the relatively small differences observed between ATP-actin and ADP-actin polymer rheological parameters could be due to small differences either in flexibility or, more probably, in filament lengths. We have measured nucleotide exchange on ATP-actin and ADP-actin polymers by incorporation of alpha-32P-ATP and found it to be very slow, in agreement with earlier literature reports, and in contradiction to the faster exchange rates reported by Janmey et al. This exchange rate is much too slow to cause "reversal" of ADP-actin polymer ATP-actin polymer as reported by Janmey et al. Thus our results do not support the notion that the energy of actin-bound ATP hydrolysis is trapped in and significantly modifies the actin polymer structure.

Actins↗
PubMed1993

The association of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension with urinary excretion of albumin and transferrin.

Abnormal urinary excretion of albumin is a nonspecific sign of nephropathy, commonly occurring in persons with hypertension as well as diabetes. Transferrin, rather than albumin, is more readily excreted by the kidney in those with diabetes compared with those with hypertension alone. One hundred eighty non-insulin-dependent diabetic mellitus patients were age, race, and sex matched to 90 nondiabetic control subjects who had mild to moderate hypertension. Overnight urine collections were analyzed by immunoturbidity for albumin and transferrin. The average duration of hypertension was 11 years among controls. Mean blood pressures were 134/79 mm Hg for diabetic subjects and 145/87 mm Hg for controls (P < 0.001). Diabetic patients had higher mean excretion rates of albumin (128 micrograms/min v 49 micrograms/min; P = 0.04) and transferrin (7.3 micrograms/min v 0.9 microgram/min; P = 0.0001) and higher excretion ratios of albumin (0.179 g/g creatinine v 0.069 g/g creatinine; P = 0.02) and transferrin (0.0065 g/g creatinine v 0.0013 g/g creatinine; P < 0.001) than hypertensive controls. Ratios of transferrin to albumin excretion for those with diabetes and hypertension greatly exceeded expected ratios for those with hypertension or diabetes alone if the effects of these disorders were additive. While diabetic patients were twice as likely as controls to have abnormal albumin excretion ratios (P = 0.01), they were three times as likely to have elevated transferrin excretion ratios (P = 0.0001), even though the diabetic group was half as likely as the controls to have systolic blood pressure > or = 160 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Florid vascular proliferation in repeated intussusception mimicking primary angiomatous lesion.

A case of recurrent intussusception in a 76 year old man associated with vascular proliferation is reported. The initial biopsy specimen showed that ulceration and inflammation were not features. The proliferation was so florid as to point to an angiomatous lesion. At this stage a diagnosis of intussusception was not considered. The clinical impression was that of a caecal mass associated with a filling defect visible on barium enema and a fleshy "suspicious" lesion on colonoscopy. This case illustrates the possibility of misinterpreting the importance of florid vascular proliferation in biopsy material where other features indicative of a reparative process are absent.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Diabetic end-stage renal disease among Native Americans.

OBJECTIVE: To examine why ESRD has become a major source of morbidity and mortality for Native Americans with diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Using data from the Medicare ESRD Program, we examined incidence rates for ESRD among Native Americans for the years 1983-1987. RESULTS: During this period, the annual incidence of total ESRD in Native Americans increased by 18%, from 170.5/million to 200.1/million. The incidence of diabetic ESRD increased by 47%, from 80.6/million to 118.2/million. In 1987, the age-adjusted incidence rate of diabetic ESRD was 6.8 times higher in Native Americans than in whites. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations for the prevention of diabetic ESRD include early identification of renal disease and improved control of hypertension and blood glucose. The magnitude of diabetic ESRD among Native Americans also underscores the need for primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Diabetes and associated risk factors among Native Americans.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and related risk factors among Native Americans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used 1988-1989 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to calculate the overall, age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes, obesity, sedentary life-style, hypertension, and smoking among Native Americans. The SESUDAAN software package was used to derive confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes was 11.6% among the 768 Native American Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System respondents (95% confidence interval 7.8-15.4) and 4.7% among the 121,986 white respondents (95% confidence interval 4.6-4.8). The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes was 2.5 times higher among Native Americans than among whites. The prevalence of obesity was higher among Native Americans (34.4; 95% confidence interval 31.7-37.1) than among whites (23.9%; confidence interval 23.7-24.1). The prevalences of sedentary lifestyle (58%), hypertension (16%), and smoking (28%) were similar among both populations. CONCLUSIONS: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System may prove as a useful tool for surveying Native Americans living on and off reservations for inclusion in national estimates of diabetes prevalences.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of coronary heart disease mortality risk between black and white people with diabetes.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality among people with diabetes. Although diabetes is more prevalent among blacks than among whites, little is known about CHD risk among black people with diabetes. We performed a case-control analysis to assess CHD mortality risk among people with diabetes. Coronary heart disease mortality cases were identified from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, and controls were taken from behavioral risk factor surveys conducted in 35 states in 1988. In the young age groups (men younger than 45 years and women younger than 55), both white and black people with diabetes and no other CHD risk factors had about a thirteen-fold greater risk of CHD mortality compared to people without diabetes and with no other CHD risk factors. In the older age groups, diabetes was associated with a lower risk of CHD mortality among blacks (OR = 1.6) than among whites (OR = 2.5). With the exception of smoking in young people with diabetes, we found smoking, high blood pressure, and body mass to carry generally similar relative risks of CHD mortality in black people with diabetes as in white people with diabetes. Further study of other CHD risk factors is needed in black people with diabetes.

Black People↗
PubMed1993

Nipple confusion.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1993

A multicenter study on the use of pulsed low-intensity direct current for healing chronic stage II and stage III decubitus ulcers.

BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Pulsed low-intensity direct current (300 to 600 microA) has been used in a double-blind placebo multicenter study in the treatment of stage II and stage III chronic decubitus ulcers. RESULTS: Seventy-four ulcers were treated in four centers. Forty-three patients were selected for the experimental group, and 31 control subjects used the sham instrument (placebo group). In the treated group, 25 ulcers (58%) healed in 8 weeks, whereas in the placebo group, only one ulcer (3%) healed and most ulcers increased in size. Statistical analysis, based on surface area and ulcer depth before and after treatment, showed that low-intensity direct current had a significant influence on the healing rates for these ulcers (P < .0001). Experiments with guinea pigs (n = 10) showed that pulsed low-intensity direct current caused a rapid calcium flux in the epidermis. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsed low-intensity direct current represents a useful approach for the treatment of stage II and stage III chronic decubitus ulcers by increasing the healing rate. The growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes may be enhanced by pulsed low-intensity direct current due to changes in calcium homeostasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of three serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease viruses from serotypes O, A and C have been crystallized. The particular strains studied include O1K, A10(61), A22 Iraq 24/64, A24 Cruzeiro and C-S8c1. In addition, crystals have been grown of G67, a monoclonal antibody neutralization escape mutant derived from O1K, and of virus R100, recovered after the establishment of a persistent infection in baby hamster kidney cells with C-S8c1. Empty particles, capsids which lack the RNA genome, have also been crystallized for subtypes A22 Iraq 24/64 and A10(61). In almost all cases, crystals suitable for high resolution structure determination were obtained from (NH4)2SO4 or mixtures of polyethylene glycol and NH4Cl.

Aphthovirus↗
PubMed1992

The ultrastructure of oesophageal carcinomas: multidirectional differentiation. A transmission electron microscopic study of 43 cases.

Forty-three oesophageal carcinomas, comprising 15 squamous cell carcinomas, 22 adenocarcinomas, 5 small cell carcinomas, and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma, were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features of each tumour type are detailed. Multi-directional differentiation (heterogeneity) was observed in 11 cases: 5 squamous cell carcinomas with focal glandular features; 4 adenocarcinomas with focal squamous features; and 2 small cell carcinomas, one with glandular and the other with squamous features. Abnormal distributions of desmosomes in squamous cell carcinomas and of polarity of tumour cells in adenocarcinomas are described.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Effect of a means-end contingency on young children's food preferences.

This study showed that a means-end relationship between two snacks exerts a negative influence on preference for the means snack in the contingency. Two snacks ranked of approximately equal medium appeal were individually chosen from an array by each of 86 children (ages 4 years, 4 months to 7 years, 2 months). Children were then assigned to a means-end condition (where one snack was eaten as a means of gaining the other), a temporal order control group (where one snack was presented and eaten before the other), or a mere exposure control group (where the children chose the order in which they ate the two snacks). Post-treatment rankings of the snacks showed that children in the means-end group came to devalue the means snack relative to the reward snack, despite the demonstrably equal prior appeal of the two snacks. Children in the temporal order and mere exposure control groups did not come to prefer the two snacks preferentially. Implications of the finding that adults can affect children's preferences by relatively minor variations in the manner of presentation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Production and functional characterization of a recombinant fragment of von Willebrand factor (vWF): an antagonist to platelet receptor GP Ib.

We expressed a recombinant peptide fragment (Ser445-Val733) of human von Willebrand factor (vWF), containing the binding domain for the platelet receptor of GP Ib, in E. coli. This 33 kD peptide blocks binding of the intact vWF molecule to GP Ib in the presence of modulators. Thus, it offers potential as an antithrombotic agent. High level expression was achieved in a plasmid construct driven by the bacteriophage T7 promoter. The peptide was solubilized from inclusion bodies in strong chaotrope, then reduced and alkylated. Following purification, formulation at pH 3.5, and lyophilization, the reconstituted experimental product (RG 12986) exists as an equilibrium of monomer and dimer species. When formulated above pH 5.0, soluble aggregates are formed; these solutions have less bioactivity than RG 12986. Interestingly, the non-aggregated state of RG 12986 remains conserved following dilution and incubation with platelet-poor plasma. The overall purification/low pH formulation strategies may be applicable to other E. coli recombinant proteins having a tendency to aggregate following removal of chaotrope near physiologic pH when in a concentrated format.

Cloning, Molecular↗