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Biomedical subjects

J Nakamura

Publications and source records attributed to J Nakamura.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources

In vivo modification of GABAA receptor with a high dose of pyridoxal phosphate induces tonic-clonic convulsion in immature mice.

The biologic cofactor, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), is responsible for tonic-clonic convulsion in immature mice. The mechanisms underlying such convulsive fits induced by administration of a single high dose of PLP were studied. The administration of PLP resulted in a 13% increase of PLP in the P2 fraction compared to control P2, and the calculated data suggested that membrane bound PLP increased over 31% (approximately 1 microM). The P2 fraction of administered mice was treated with [3H]NaBH4 and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The radioactivity was mainly incorporated into a 52 kDa protein which corresponded to a GABAA receptor subunit. The addition of PLP in vitro competitively inhibited [3H]GABA binding as well as [3H]flunitrazepam binding to synaptic membranes in a concentration-dependent manner, and 50% inhibition was achieved with 1 mM PLP. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that PLP was rapidly permeable into the brain through the immature blood-brain barrier and then bound directly to GABAA receptor. It is probable that specific amino groups of lysine residues on the GABAA receptor react in vivo with PLP to form Schiff bases, and that the in vivo modification of the receptor produces a degeneration of GABAergic neurotransmission leading to the onset of a convulsive fit.

Animals↗

Different effects of absorption promoters on corneal and conjunctival penetration of ophthalmic beta-blockers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement in corneal penetration of ophthalmic beta-blockers of various lipophilicities afforded by absorption promoters and to compare the corneal against conjunctival penetration in response to absorption promoters. METHODS: The penetration of the beta-blockers, atenolol, carteolol, tilisolol, timolol, and befunolol, in the presence of absorption promoters, across the isolated corneal and conjunctival membranes of albino rabbits was measured using a two-chamber glass diffusion cell. EDTA, taurocholic acid, capric acid, and saponin were used as the absorption promoters. RESULTS: The absorption promoters significantly increased the corneal permeability of most beta-blockers, especially the hydrophilic agents. The absorption promoters also enhanced the conjunctival permeability of beta-blockers, although their effect in promoting conjunctival penetration was less than that on corneal penetration. There was a differing penetration of instilled beta-blockers in the cornea and conjunctiva in response to absorption promoters. Capric acid and saponin showed significant promoting action on corneal penetration, but not on conjunctival penetration. Taurocholic acid had a significant effect on conjunctival penetration but not on corneal penetration. Saponin caused slight irritation. CONCLUSIONS: Absorption promoters can improve the ocular delivery of beta-blockers and a selective use of absorption promoter can improve the extent and pathway of drug ocular absorption.

Absorption↗

An aldose reductase inhibitor, TAT, prevents electroretinographic abnormalities and ADP-induced hyperaggregability in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were oral given TAT, a potent aldose reductase inhibitor, at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 day-1 or 40 mg kg-1 day-1 for 30 days. Prolongation of the peak latency of oscillatory potentials in the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG), which is associated with retinal Müller cell dysfunction, was significantly improved by treatment with TAT as compared with untreated diabetic rats [sigma(O1 + O2 + O3) was 106.8 +/- 1.8 ms in normal controls (NC), 118.2 +/- 1.1 ms in diabetic controls (DC) (P < 0.001 vs. NC), 110.8 +/- 1.5 ms with 10 mg kg-1 TAT (P < 0.001 vs. DC) and 111.4 +/- 1.6 ms with 40 mg kg-1 TAT (P < 0.01 vs. DC)]. The improvement in ERG abnormalities in diabetic rats was accompanied by partial reduction of elevated sorbitol levels in the retina and erythrocytes, and by correction of platelet hyperaggregability. The authors' findings suggest that a better understanding of the mechanism by which TAT acts may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of hyperglycaemic retinal dysfunction and contribute to establishing effective therapy for diabetic retinopathy.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

Disulfide bond-forming reaction using a dimethyl sulfoxide/aqueous HCl system and its application to regioselective two disulfide bond formation.

Disulfide bond formation in S-acetamidomethyl (Acm) cysteine-containing peptides by successive treatments with silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (AgOTf) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/aqueous HCl is described. An S-Acm cysteine was found to be quantitatively converted into cysteine by deprotection of the Acm group with AgOTf followed by DMSO/aqueous HCl treatment. Under these reaction conditions, no significant side reactions were observed with oxidation-sensitive amino acids such as Met, Tyr and Trp. Oxytocin and a Trp-containing peptide, urotensin II, were prepared by this method. Furthermore, regioselective two disulfide bond formation was found to be feasible by the combination of air oxidation and the AgOTf-DMSO/HCl system. This strategy has been successfully applied to the syntheses of tachyplesin I and endothelin I, which have two disulfide bonds and a Trp residue in the molecule.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Reliability of the task-related component (P3b) of P3 event-related potentials.

Within session and between session reliabilities of the task-related component (P3b) of the P3 measures (amplitude, area and latency) and their habituation across eight sessions separated by 7-10 days, except for an interval of 1 month between the 6th and 7th sessions, were studied based on the difference waves, which were obtained by subtracting the ignored infrequent event-related potentials (ERP) from the target ERP elicited by a standard auditory oddball paradigm with eyes-open or eyes-closed conditions in 10 normal subjects. The within session reliabilities represented as Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were 0.57-0.66 for the three measures except for those for the latency and amplitude under the eyes-closed condition. The between session reliabilities expressed as intraclass correlation coefficients (R) ranged from 0.54 to 0.60 except for that for latency under eyes-closed conditions. Long-term habituation occurred within the first six sessions for the P3b amplitude and area, and dishabituation took place in the 7th session after an interval of 1 month, whereas no such phenomenon was observed for the P3b latency. Implications of the present results are discussed in terms of the clinical application of the P3 measures.

Adult↗

Absorption of phenol red and bromphenol blue as model drugs from the peritoneal cavity around the liver surface in rats.

The importance of the injection site on the pharmacokinetics of phenol red and bromphenol blue as model drugs after intraperitoneal administration into rat was examined. Their absorption rate from the peritoneal cavity was faster after intraperitoneal administration to the liver surface than that after intraperitoneal administration to the distal small intestine, as shown by the increase in maximum concentration and decrease in mean residence time in plasma. A similar tendency was observed in the biliary excretion pattern. The enhanced absorption rate was supported by the significantly smaller amount of both drugs remaining in the peritoneal cavity at 15 min after liver surface administration than that after small intestine administration. The liver concentration of the model drugs at 15 min after liver surface administration was 1.5-2.0 times that after small intestine administration. Accordingly, liver surface administration was shown to be effective with good absorption and efficient drug delivery to the liver.

Absorption↗

Mechanism for drug absorption from rat-liver surface membrane: effect of dose and transport inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of phenol red.

We examined the effect of dose and transport inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of phenol red as a model drug after application to rat liver surface in-vivo, employing a cylindrical glass cell (i.d. 9 mm, area 0.64 cm2), to elucidate the mechanism for drug absorption from liver surface membrane. Absorption ratios of phenol red in 6 h were determined to be 91.1, 91.8 and 89.9% at a dose of 0.3, 1 and 3 mg, respectively. The AUC value for plasma concentration profile of phenol red was proportional to the dose. It is thus suggested that the absorption process of phenol red from rat liver surface does not approach saturability. The time course of the remaining amount of phenol red in the glass cell obeyed first-order kinetics at a dose of 0.3 mg, and its rate constant Ka was calculated to be 0.0069 min-1. Moreover, no significant difference was seen in the Ka value within the dose range of 0.3-3 mg, which was estimated by curve fitting of the plasma concentration profile of phenol red after application to rat liver surface in the two-compartment model with first-order absorption. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (0.3 mg) and probenecid (0.5 and 1 mg), inhibitors of metabolic energy and anion transport, respectively, had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenol red after application to rat liver surface. These data demonstrate that a specific transport mechanism such as active transport is not involved in phenol red absorption from rat liver surface membrane.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗

Ophthalmic preservatives as absorption promoters for ocular drug delivery.

The effects of ophthalmic preservatives on the drug permeability through isolated ocular membranes of albino rabbits were investigated using a two-chamber glass diffusion cell. Tilisolol and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextrans (average molecular weights 4400 and 9400 Da; FD-4 and FD-10, respectively) were used as model penetrants of ophthalmic beta-blockers and peptide drugs. Preservatives significantly enhanced the corneal penetration of not only tilisolol but also FITC-dextrans. Especially, benzalkonium chloride increased the corneal permeability of FD-4 and FD-10 by 28.8 and 37.1 times, respectively. These results indicate the usefulness of ophthalmic preservatives as absorption promoters for the ocular delivery of beta-blockers and hydrophilic macromolecules. Preservatives also enhanced the conjunctival permeability of tilisolol, FD-4 and FD-10. The promoting effect of preservatives on the conjunctival drug penetration was smaller than that on the corneal one. Preservative increased the ratio of corneal to conjunctival permeability of tilisolol, FD-4 and FD-10. The different responses of corneal and conjunctival drug penetrations to ophthalmic preservatives may be useful to control the extent and pathway for the ocular and systemic absorptions of instilled drugs.

Absorption↗

Effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor, SNK-860, on deficits in the electroretinogram of diabetic rats.

To determine the effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor, SNK-860, on the worsening of the electroretinogram (ERG) during a diabetic state, rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were administered SNK-860 (1 or 4 mg kg-1 orally) daily for 4 weeks. The effectiveness of SNK-860 in prolonging the peak latencies of oscillatory potentials in the b-wave of the electroretinogram of diabetic rats varied between these different waveform components (designated O1, O2 and O3). SNK-860 (4 mg kg-1 day-1) either completely or partially prevented the prolonged peak latencies at O1 and sigma(O1 + O2 + O3). The drug failed to shorten the latency of the O2 and O3 components, and produced only a modest reduction in retinal levels of sorbitol and fructose, with no increase in myo-inositol. There was a significant correlation between the state of the ERG (components O1 and sigma(O1 + O2 + O3)) and the retinal levels of sorbitol and fructose (P < 0.01), but not of myo-inositol. It is concluded that a better understanding of the mechanism by which SNK-860 acts may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of hyperglycaemic retinal dysfunction and help to establish effective therapy for diabetic retinopathy.

Aldehyde Reductase↗

[Eight cases of infection caused by the Streptococcus milleri group--significance of serum antibody titer and a comparative investigation of the backgrounds and factors of infections caused by Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus pneumoniae].

Eight cases of infection caused by Streptococcus milleri were studied clinically, and a comparative study was made of the backgrounds and factors influencing the development of infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The patients (six males and two females) with infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus milleri ranged in age from 21 to 81 years old with an average age of 62.0 years. The infectious diseases encountered among the patients were pyothorax in three patients, and in one patient each pyothorax and lung abscess, pleurisy, a secondary infection of pulmonary emphysema, skin infection related to a tracheostomy, a subdural abscess and a brain abscess, respectively. Six out of the eight cases had infections which formed pus. An underlying disease existed in seven cases, and, in five of these seven cases, it influenced the general condition of these patients. Six serum antibody titers for the S. milleri groups were examined in the First Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Ryukyus. Three cases for S. anginosus, two cases for S. intermedius, and one case for S. constellatus showed high titers of X1024 or X2048. Therefore, the examination of the serum antibody titer seems useful for the diagnosis of infections caused by the S. milleri group. We also carried out a comparative investigation of the backgrounds and factors of infectious diseases caused by S. milleri and S. pneumoniae. There are more underlying diseases in infections caused by S. milleri than in those caused by S. pneumoniae. There were more smokers among the patients with infections caused by S. milleri than among those with S. pneumonia infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

Anucleate cell production by Escherichia coli delta hns mutant lacking a histone-like protein, H-NS.

Normal-sized anucleate cells were observed in the cultures of a delta hns mutant strain. Even in nucleate cells, some populations showed irregular intracellular localization of the nucleoids. The delta hns mutant showed reduced ploidy, although initiation of chromosome replication was essentially synchronous as defined by flow cytometric analysis. These results indicate that the delta hns mutant is defective in the mechanisms of chromosome partitioning and chromosome replication.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗

Isolation and characterization of chemotaxis mutants and genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Two chemotaxis-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated PC1 and PC2, were selected by the swarm plate method after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. These mutants were fully motile but incapable of swarming, suggesting that they had a defect in the intracellular signalling pathway. Computer-assisted capillary assays confirmed that they failed to show behavioral responses to chemical stimuli, including peptone, methyl thiocyanate, and phosphate. Two chemotaxis genes were cloned by phenotypic complementation of PC1 and PC2. From nucleotide sequence analysis, one gene was found to encode a putative polypeptide that was homologous to the enteric CheZ protein, while the other gene was cheY, which had been previously reported (M. N. Starnbach and S. Lory, Mol. Microbiol. 6:459-469, 1992). Deletion and complementation analysis showed that PC1 was a cheY mutant, whereas PC2 had a double mutation in the cheY and cheZ genes. A chromosomal cheZ mutant, constructed by inserting a kanamycin resistance gene cassette into the wild-type gene, changed its swimming direction much more frequently than did wild-type strain PAO1. In contrast, cheY mutants were found to rarely reverse their swimming directions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Gamma Knife surgery for angiographically occult vascular malformations.

To evaluate the effect of radiosurgery on angiographically occult vascular malformations (AOVMs), 9 patients treated with Gamma Knife surgery were followed up for 21-37 months. Eight patients had bleeding episodes, 1 had uncontrollable epilepsy. Rebleeding occurred in 3 AOVMs 5 or 6 months after treatment. One patient experienced transient radiation-induced edema. One patient underwent surgical extirpation due to uncontrollable epilepsy 21 months after Gamma Knife surgery. Histological findings revealed an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and a cavernous angioma. There was hypertrophy of the internal membrane of the AVM, but no effect on the cavernous malformation. Radiosurgery should only be considered in cases of inoperable AOVM, because there is no definite proof that radiosurgery prevents AOVMs from rebleeding.

Adolescent↗

Effect of albumin on the absorption of phenol red, bromphenol blue and bromosulphonphthalein as model drugs from the liver surface membrane in rats.

The effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on drug absorption from the liver surface in rats was examined by using three organic anions (phenol red, bromphenol blue and bromosulphonphthalein) as model drugs which have a high affinity for albumin. The binding ratio of the model drugs (3 mg/ml in phosphate buffer) to BSA varied widely at a BSA concentration of 0.1--10% (w/v). The model drugs (3 mg/ml x 0.1 ml) with or without BSA were applied to the rat liver surface in vivo employing a cylindrical glass cell (i.d. 9 mm, area 0.64 cm2). The absorption ratios of the model drugs from the rat liver surface at 6h, calculated from the amount recovered from the glass cell, decreased with an increase in BSA concentration. A similar trend was observed with biliary recovery of the model drugs. A marked reduction in the absorption ratio was seen with bromosulphonphthalein, which has the highest binding activity to BSA among the three organic anions. Accordingly, protein binding appears to be a significant factor with respect to the drug absorption from the liver surface.

Absorption↗

Effect of ophthalmic preservatives on serum concentration and local irritation of ocularly applied insulin.

We previously compared hypoglycemic responses after the instillation of insulin formulations. A hypoglycemic response was actually observed after an instillation of insulin with ophthalmic preservatives. In the present study, in order to evaluate the usefulness of insulin formulation containing ophthalmic preservatives, a serum concentration of insulin and an irritation to the eye were investigated after instillation of the insulin formulation in albino rabbits. The ophthalmic preservatives used were benzalkonium chloride, paraben, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol and sorbic acid. As a result, ophthalmic preservatives, especially benzalkonium chloride and paraben, increased the serum concentration of insulin. The insulin concentration showed a significant correlation with the hypoglycemic response reported previously. This result indicates that ophthalmic preservatives increase the absorption of ocularly applied insulin, and the absorbed insulin decreases serum glucose concentration. The insulin formulation with preservatives showed little irritation on rabbit eyes according to blinking measurements. These results indicate that ophthalmic preservatives are useful for the systemic delivery of ocularly applied insulin.

Administration, Topical↗

Inhibitory effects of pentamidine on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor/channels in the rat brain.

Effects of pentamidine, a therapeutic drug for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), on specific bindings of [3H](+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H- dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,11-imine maleate (MK-801) and [3H]nitrendipine were investigated in crude synaptic membranes (CSM) of rat brain. Pentamidine inhibited [3H]MK-801 binding but did not change [3H]nitrendipine binding, although neither binding was inhibited by 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine or 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (inhibitors for reverse transcriptase of HIV-1), or FK-506 or cyclosporin A (immunosuppressants). In Triton X-100-treated CSM (post-synaptic density-rich fractions), the inhibitory effect of pentamidine on [3H]MK-801 binding was partially prevented by addition of spermine and NMDA plus glycine (Gly). Electrophysiological experiments showed that pentamidine also inhibited Ca(2+)-current evoked by NMDA plus Gly in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA. These results suggest that pentamidine is a potent inhibitor for NMDA receptor/channels.

Animals↗

Reliability of the probability effect on event-related potentials during repeated testing.

The reliability of event-related potentials (ERPs) was studied in 10 healthy adults who were tested 8 times over 7-10 day intervals using a standard auditory oddball paradigm. The difference waveforms, obtained by subtracting the averaged waveforms for frequent trials from those obtained in rare trials, were designed to analyze the components of the ERPs, such as the P300, and to focus on the reliability of the probability effect on the ERPs. The between-session reliability (8 sessions) and the within-session reliability (order of blocks or of different visual procedures) were computed for the obtained difference waveforms. The between-session reliabilities, expressed as the intraclass correlations (r') for the P300 amplitude, area and latency, were 0.70, 0.61 and 0.65, respectively. The within-session reliability, presented as the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for the three P300 measures were 0.43, 0.35 and 0.25 for different eyes. The values were 0.45, 0.39, 0.42 between the first and the second blocks (eyes-open) and 0.58, 0.47 and 0.29 (eyes-closed). These findings indicate that the P300 amplitude calculated from the difference waveforms may be the most stable marker for the between-session reliabilities. There were no significant differences in the P300 measures over the 8 sessions, suggesting that habituation may not occur with the difference waveform reflecting the probability effect on ERPs. The difference waveform may be useful in research on repetitive group ERPs.

Adult↗

Ocular permeability of FITC-dextran with absorption promoter for ocular delivery of peptide drug.

The purpose of this study is to characterize an ocular permeability of FITC-dextran, as a model of peptide drug, and to evaluate the effects of absorption promoters on the ocular permeability of FITC-dextran. The in vitro penetrations of FITC-dextrans (average molecular weight 4400 and 9400: FD-4 and FD-10) were measured across the isolated corneal and conjunctival membranes of albino rabbits using a two-chamber glass diffusion cell. The corneal permeabilities of FD-4 and FD-10 were much lower than the conjunctival permeabilities. Scraping of corneal epithelium extremely increased the corneal permeabilities. The penetration parameters were estimated according to Fick's equation. Absorption promoters such as EDTA, taurocholic acid, benzalkonium chloride and saponin significantly increased corneal permeabilities of FD-4 and FD-10. Saponin showed the highest promoting activity. Conjunctival permeabilities of FD-4 and FD-10 were also enhanced by absorption promoters although the improvements of conjunctival permeabilities by absorption promoters were smaller than those of corneal permeabilities. Ratios of corneal to conjunctival permeabilities were enhanced by absorption promoters. These results indicate that an ocular delivery of instilled hydrophilic macromolecule is markedly low and a selective use of absorption promoter can improve the extent and pathway of its ocular absorption.

Absorption↗