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J Mouchet

Publications and source records attributed to J Mouchet.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effects of three-hour restricted food access during the light period on circadian rhythms of temperature, locomotor activity, and heart rate in rats.

The effects of food on biological rhythms may influence the findings of chronopharmacological studies. The present study evaluated the influence of a restricted food access during the rest (light) span of nocturnally active Wistar rats on the 24 h time organization of biological functions in terms of the circadian rhythms of temperature (T), heart rate (HR), and locomotor activity (LA) in preparation for subsequent studies aimed at evaluating the influence of timed food access on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications. Ten-wk-old male Wistar rats were housed under controlled 12:12 h light:dark (LD) environmental conditions. Food and water were available ad libitum, excepted during a 3 wk period of restriction. Radiotelemetry transmitters were implanted to record daily rhythms in T, HR, and LA. The study lasted 7 wk and began after a 21-d recovery span following surgery. Control baseline data were collected during the first wk (W1). The second span of 3 wk duration (W2 to W4) consisted of the restricted feeding regimen (only 3 h access to food between 11:00 and 14:00 h daily) during the L (rest span) under 12:12 h LD conditions. The third period of 3 wk duration (W5 to W7) consisted of the recovery span with ad libitium normal feeding. Weight loss in the amount of 5% of baseline was observed during W1 with stabilization of body weight thereafter during the remaining 2 wk of food restriction. The 3 h restricted food access during the L rest span induced a partial loss of circadian rhythmicity and the emergence of 12 h rhythms in T, HR, and LA. Return to ad libitum feeding conditions restored circadian rhythmicity in the manner evidenced during the baseline control span. Moreover, the MESORS and amplitudes of the T, HR, and LA 24 h patterns were significantly attenuated during food restriction (p < 0.001) and then returned to initial values during recovery. These changes may be interpreted as a masking effect, since T, HR, and LA are known to directly react to food intake. The consequences of such findings on the methods used to conduct chronokinetic studies, such as the fasting of animals the day before testing, are important since they may alter the temporal structure of the organism receiving the drug and thereby compromise findings.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Malaria transmission in Southern Madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. Part 1. Entomological investigations.

A 4-year entomological study was carried out in Southern Madagascar to identify malaria vectors, evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions. Three villages were involved in this entomological survey: Androvasoa (located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem), Pépiniére (sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region) and Esana (bordered with rice fields in the humid region). Mosquitoes were collected inside and outside dwellings when landing on human beings, with light traps and with knockdown indoor sprays. Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles merus and Anopheles funestus were found in every village while Anopheles gambiae s.s. was only found in the village bordering the rice-fields (Pépiniére) and Anopheles mascarensis, a mosquito native to Madagascar, was only found in the humid region (Esana). In Pépiniére, the annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was low (EIR=0.4 infective bites/man/year (IBM)). In the irrigated scheme of the sub-arid region, malaria transmission was 150 times higher (mean EIR=63 IBM) than in the natural ecosystem and A. funestus was the main vector, responsible for 90% of infective bites. In Esana, the level of malaria transmission was high (EIR=41 IBM) and 2/3 of the infective bites were due to A. mascarensis, despite the presence of A. gambiae s.s. and A. funestus. These results are discussed with reference to the impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa ("the paddies paradox").

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Lack of daily rhythms major modifications despite continuous infusion of melatonin in the rat.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of melatonin on the daily rhythms of temperature, heart rate and locomotor activity in rats that received subcutaneously a continuous infusion of two different doses e.g. 1 and 5 mg/kg per day for seven days. Our results indicate that melatonin does not induce a loss of the daily rhythmicity of temperature, heart rate and locomotor activity. Whatever the dose, melatonin slightly modifies the main parameters of these rhythms e.g. a decrease of the amplitude of the daily rhythms of temperature and heart rate and an increase of the mesor of temperature. Taking into account these results obtained after constant rate delivery in normal rats, we plan now to investigate the effects of melatonin on our experimental model of Parkinson's disease (double bilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injection).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

[Molecular identification of sibling Anopheles species: example of the Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus complexes, major malarial vectors in Southeast Asia].

Effective control of malaria vectors requires precise identification of species. This is especially important within complexes of species that cannot be distinguished based on morphological features. Two methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis have been developed to identify 2 species in the Anopheles minimus complex and 5 species of the Minimums group as well as 4 species of the Anopheles dirus complex. Association of oligonucleotide couples in the form of multiplex PCR has allowed development of two simple, reliable PCR techniques adapted to each one of these species complexes that comprise the major vectors of malaria in Southeast Asia. Specifically designed to meet the needs of entomologist working in the field for reliable, cost-effective tests, these techniques will facilitate assessment of the geographical distribution of each vector. These data will help to better target vector control measures.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Malaria vector control in Cameroon: past, present, future. Reflections].

During the fifties, large scale malaria vector control projects based upon house spraying were implemented in Southern and Northern parts of Cameroon in line of malaria eradication concept. In the South, the pilot zone of Yaounde gathered about 150,000 inhabitants, in the forest area. First operations started in 1953 but the programme became actually operational in 1956. It was divided in two parts: the western part was treated with DDT, while the eastern one was treated with dieldrin. At the same time, the whole forested area was also treated with dieldrin until 1960. Yaounde itself was not treated because it was free of anopheles and malaria. House spraying in the pilot area of Yaounde was a complete success and plasmodic index dropped below 1%. The same success was observed in most of the southern treated areas. Unfortunatly dieldrin resistance of An. gambiae hampered this programme which stopped in 1960. The northem pilot project dealt with some 250,000 inhabitants around Maroua, in a savanna area. To avoid dieldrin resistance observed in 1956, DDT was selected and house spraying started in 1959. From a strictly operational point of view, the campaign was considered as a success. But after two years, it was noticed that plasmodic index remained still around the same value of 35% and the programme stopped. It was thus stated that according to available techniques it was not possible to reach the ultimate goal of eradication even when chemoprophylaxis (chloroquin + pyrimethamin) was added. The comparison between south (= success) and north (= failure) was very interesting as it underlined the big differences between epidemiological faces, an unaccepted concept at that time. Now ecological and epidemiological diversity is the well acknowledged. It also underlined the need of diversity of strategies according to the epidemiology of the disease and the ecology of its vector Vector control was then stopped for a while. In the eighties, Primary Health Care was promoted and malaria control shifted from vector to parasite control, vector control remaining as a prevention method. But chemioresistance of Plasmodium falciparum appeared and. quickly spread, at different levels, across the country. A new emphasis was therefore given to vector control thank to the newly developed technique of insecticide impregnated mosquito nets. Two kinds of studies were undertaken: - what people were actually doing in term of mosquito control at family level, the main reason and the costs as well as current use of mosquito nets - the efficacy of pyrethroid treated mosquito nets (IMN) in different areas of southern forested area against different malaria vectors: An. gambiae, An. nili, An. moucheti. It thus clearly appeared that IMN were very successful in sharply reducing malaria transmission aAd morbidity. But its promotion is limited by the current poor use of mosquito nets in Yaoundé (1 mosquito net for 27 "beds") while in Douala, where IMN are largely used against the bite of the huge population of Culex. quinquefasciatus, the implementation of the first riational centre for impregnation of mosquito net was a great success, as long as it was headed by a motivated and skill manager Impregnated mosquito nets appear thus as a tool of great efficacy but their sustainability is still matter of concern and promotional campaigns must be developed involving private and public, political and scientific spheres as well as the general population who should be encouraged to become partners and even actors of vector and malaria control at their household level.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of a seven-day continuous infusion of L-DOPA on daily rhythms in the rat.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) on the daily rhythms of temperature, heart rate and locomotor activity in rats that received a 7-day continuous infusion. Our results indicate that L-DOPA does not induce a loss of the daily rhythmicity of temperature, heart rate and locomotor activity but modifies the main parameters of these rhythms, e.g. it increased the MESOR (midline estimating statistic of rhythm) of temperature and heart rate and increased the amplitude of temperature but decreased the amplitude of heart rate. Taking into account these results obtained after constant rate delivery, we now plan to investigate the effects of DOPA therapy by changing the time of its administration.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Airport malaria : a rare disease still poorly understood.

The article by Daniel Lusina and colleagues in this issue of Eurosurveillance is a timely reminder of the dangers of airport malaria. Since 1977, when the disease was first documented, 75 cases of airport malaria have been observed in western Europe, 28 o

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

[Vectors and environmental factors in malaria].

Malaria is a major risk for more than two billion human beings on Earth, and is the cause of 700,000 to 2.5 million deaths per year. The causative factor, Plasmodium (four species), involves an asexual cycle in man and a sexual one in anopheline mosquitoes. The four species of Plasmodium are pathogenic for man but P. falciparum accounts for more than 90% of deaths. Only black Africans are refractory to P. vivax, a characteristic linked to the lack of Duffy antigen. Among the 400 species of anophelines so far recorded, less than 50 are recognized malaria vectors. Every one has its own geographic and ecological characteristics, which locally induce the epidemiological trends and its biodiversity. In a given site transmission depends on competent anopheline species, their infective rate and their biting rate. Inhabitants of endemic areas develop during infancy immunity which protect them during the rest of their lives. This immunity (premunition) between parasite and its host is acquired at an heavy price of infant mortality. It can decrease rapidly when people leave endemic areas. Because inhabitants of endemic areas continue to harbor asymptomatic parasites they become good parasite reservoirs. The diversity of epidemiological situations needs a diversification of malaria control measures. The prognosis of the evolution of malaria depends on control measures, applied or not, and on the evolution of climatic and anthropic environment, which are very hard to predict for the time being.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato.

The present study confirms the presence of pyrethroid resistance among Anopheles gambiae s.l mosquitos in Côte d'Ivoire and reports the observation of such resistance in two other countries in West Africa (Benin and Burkina Faso). Malaria vector populations from Cameroon (Central Africa), Senegal (West Africa) and Botswana (southern Africa) were found to be susceptible to pyrethroids. In the most resistant mosquito populations, resistance to permethrin was associated with reduced mortality, not only with respect to this compound but also towards deltamethrin. Moreover, a significant increase in knockdown time was observed in some mosquito populations before any decrease in mortality, suggesting that knockdown time could be a good indicator for the early detection of pyrethroid resistance. In view of the current extension of such resistance, there is an urgent need to set up a network in Africa to evaluate its development. It is also vital that the impact of this resistance on pyrethroid-impregnated bednets be assessed.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

[Epidemiological stratification of malaria in the Comoro archipelago].

In the Comoros Islands, the level of malarial endemicity varies greatly from one island to the other, even though the total area (4 islands) covers less than 2,300 km2 and has a population of some 600,000 people only. The epidemiological stratification is based on the diversity of human and physical characterisation. They both determine the presence and the behaviour as well as the size of the vector's populations. Vectorial dynamics can explain varying levels of endemicity given parasitological indicators and specific morbidity. Analyzing these criteria shows up different epidemiological features and serves as a basic guideline for malaria control. The efficiency of this control depends on the relationships between the intensity and the length of the transmission, in the framework of protection mechanisms; it is of crucial importance for clinical treatment. Further elements are the age of the patient, the season and the geographic situation of the area. Stratification provides explanations for these relationships and helps to define antimalarial programmes adapting to each situation a range of therapeutic and antivectorial methods. The availability and accessibility of anti-malarial medicine is the minimum requirement for reducing mortality: domestic spray insecticides for reducing transmission are effective for several years and should be followed by the use of mosquito nets or curtains impregnated with pyrethrinoids, and in the particular case of Grande Comore, the use of larvivorous fish. As anywhere else, the economic development, which is dependent on political stability, is the essential basis for malaria control.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Diversity of malaria in rice growing areas of the Afrotropical region.

It is well known that 'in many instances the rice agrosystem perfectly fits the ecological requirements of pathogens or vectors' and in fact 'malaria, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis are important vector-borne diseases associated with rice production in developing countries' (IRRI, 1987). In spite of these fears, rice cultivation has been on the increase in the African region in response to demographic and economic pressures. However, although rice fields provide suitable breeding places for Anopheles mosquitoes and rice cultivation leads to an increase in the biting rates, the species which are adapted to these sites are not the same in all parts of Africa. Several examples illustrate this phenomenon: An. funestus in the rice fields of Madagascar, An. pharoensis in saline water rice fields in the delta of the Senegal river, An. arabiensis in northern Cameroon and Burundi, An. gambiae Mopti form in the Kou Valley (Burkina Faso) and An. gambiae Savanna form in the rice fields of Kafine near Bouaké (Côte d'Ivoire). The vectorial capacities of these species are not the same and malaria inoculation rates are not necessarily increased in the riceland agroecosystem. The consequences for malaria of introducing rice cultivation depend on the situation before its introduction: it could be worsened in unstable malaria areas but not in stable malaria areas. Therefore, sound epidemiological and entomological knowledge are needed before causing any environmental modifications for agricultural purposes and there should be regular monitoring to avoid any outbreak.

Burkina Faso↗
PubMed1998

Origin and prevention of airport malaria in France.

Since 1969, 63 cases of airport malaria have been reported in Western Europe, 24 of which occurred in France. Most were due to Plasmodium falciparum. In 1994, 7 cases occurred in and around Roissy Charles de Gaulle airport (CDG), showing 4 types of contamination: among employees working on airstrips or opening containers, among residents living near the airport, among people living at some distance from the airport after a secondary transport of vectors, and by vectors transported in luggage. In-flight or stop-over infection is not considered as airport malaria. The infective anophelines originated from airports where malaria transmission occurs, mostly in subsaharan Africa. A tentative list is given taking into account aerial traffic with France. Surveys in the airports of Dakar (Senegal), Cotonou (Benin), Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire) and Yaoundé (Cameroun) found potential vectors in all of these from July to September. After 1994, the Contrôle Sanitaire aux Frontières (CSF) in charge at CDG concentrated its efforts on the flights at risk, as well as information and sensitization of airline companies, which resulted in 73% and 87% of the flights at risk being properly disinsected in 1995 and 1996. Despite pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. in West Africa, the efficacy of aircraft spraying with permethrin aerosols is still acceptable. However, surveillance of resistance should be improved and search for nonpyrethroid insecticides suitable for aircraft strongly encouraged.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1998

[Origin of malaria epidemics on the plateaus of Madagascar and the mountains of east and south Africa].

The Highlands of Madagascar were malaria free until 1878, when a severe epidemic occurred, following the development of irrigated rice farming. Then, the disease became endemic. Between 1949 and 1962, malaria was "eradicated" on the Highlands by joint house spraying and chemoprophylaxis measures. The main vector An. funestus disappeared. In 1986-1988, a very severe epidemic with high lethality rate devastated the Highlands. It is now under control. Thanks to the data of a religious dispensary, we could follow the evolution of malaria on the Highlands from 1971 to 1995. The number of cases begin to grow in 1975 when the surveillance was neglected. A second step was observed in 1979, when chemoprophylaxis/chemotherapy centres were closed. Then, the increase of malaria became exponential up to 1988. At the time, the prevalence had became similar to that of 1948, before the eradication. The epidemic is not due to global warming because the temperature has been stable for the last 30 years. The malaria rise was due the cancellation of control measures. When control was reactivated, the epidemic ceased. In Swaziland, Zimbabwe and South Africa, malaria epidemics were also due to control failure. In Uganda Highlands, above 1500 m, malaria rise seems linked to the environmental changes, e.g. the cultures which replace papyrus swamp in the valley. But malaria did not overcame the altitude of 1900 which it had already reached in 1960. Rainfall should also be considered as a key factor in the epidemics. In the Sahel West Africa, temperature increased from 0.5 degree C to 01 degree C degree in the last 25 years, but rainfall decreased from 30%. As a result, one of the vector, Anopheles funestus disappeared and malaria prevalence dropped by 60 to 80%. It is not acceptable to predict the future evolution of malaria in taking in account only one parameter: the temperature. The whole factors involved in the epidemiology should be taken into account. The predictions based only on the temperature increase (global warming) can be totally wrong if the rainfall, for example, decreases.

Africa↗
PubMed1998

[Impact of antivectorial control on malarial morbidity and mortality in a health district of the Madagascar highlands].

After the dramatic increase of malaria infections from 1985 to 1988 in the Highlands of Madagascar, the vector control programme was reactivated. In order to evaluate the impact of this strategy in the district of Arivonimamo, we have analysed the morbidity and the mortality data collected in all the health care centers of this district. Since 1988, extensive residual house spraying has been carried out on a yearly basis in the eastern part of this district whereas the western part was not included in this spraying programme. Data from each area were compared. In the eastern part, a dramatic decrease of morbitity and mortality related to malaria was observed, the benefit was 69% of expected simple cases, 87% of expected serious cases and 40% of expected deaths due to malaria. It has to be noted that only presumptive cases have been reported since no laboratory facilities are available in these health centers. Nevertheless such findings provide strong support to the continuation of the spraying programme, maybe in a less intensive way, together with an accurate epidemiological surveillance.

Humans↗