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Biomedical subjects

J Miller

Publications and source records attributed to J Miller.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The efficacy of pediculicides in Israel.

Fourteen pediculicides currently available in Israel were evaluated for their killing effect on the eggs, nymphs and adults from a laboratory-grown colony of body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus). The efficacy of all pediculicides was determined after a single treatment. The exposure time of the lice to the preparations was according to the manufacturers' instructions. The shampoo formulations Hafif (Abic, Israel), Pyracide (Fischer, Israel), A-200 Pyrinate (Norcliff Thayer, USA) and T-Pal (Fischer, Israel) killed 27-78% of the lice and 7-26% of the eggs. Prioderm (Rafa, Israel) shampoo 100% mortality of lice and 13% mortality of eggs. The gel formulation (A-200 Pyrinate) resulted in 100% mortality of lice and 42% mortality of eggs. The liquid formulation (Pyrinyl, Barre, USA) gave poor results with only 65% killing of lice and 26% of the eggs. The spray formulations (Kin-X and Kin-Soff, Milchan, France; and Ricide, Fischer) killed all the lice and 77-95% of the eggs. Lotion and solution formulations (Hafif; Monocide, Fischer; and Nouryl, Chefaro, Holland) caused 100% mortality of lice and 36-85% mortality of eggs. Mortality with control solutions varied between 4 and 16% for both lice and eggs.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1991

Maternal, uteroplacental, and fetoplacental hemodynamic and Doppler velocimetric changes during epidural anesthesia in normal labor.

Pulsed Doppler and M-mode maternal echocardiography were combined with uterine and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry to characterize the hemodynamic changes associated with fluid preload and epidural anesthesia in 12 normal laboring gravidas at term. Fluid preload alone was associated with significant (P less than .05) increases in heart rate (11%), stroke volume (10%), and cardiac output (20%), and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (19%). There were no changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or ejection fraction during any stage of the study. Following placement of the epidural block, stroke volume and cardiac output returned to values not significantly different from baseline, whereas heart rate remained elevated and systemic vascular resistance remained decreased. There were no changes in uterine or umbilical artery systolic-diastolic (S-D) ratios during any stage of the study. We conclude that fluid preload and epidural anesthesia cause significant changes in maternal cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance without affecting MAP. These maternal changes do not correlate with any changes in uterine or umbilical artery S-D ratios following epidural anesthesia in the normal laboring gravida.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1991

Family members' willingness to care for people with AIDS: a psychosocial assessment model.

This article presents a model for assessing psychosocial factors that influence family members' willingness to care for people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Factors that may influence willingness to care include caregiver resources and coping characteristics, the degree to which the person with AIDS is held accountable for the illness, perceived adequacy of social support, familial obligation and affection, fears of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus, perceptions of self-efficacy, acceptance of homosexuality, and family stigma resulting from the high-risk profile of people with AIDS. Implications for service planning and delivery are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Invariant chain influences the immunological recognition of MHC class II molecules.

Recent experiments have implicated intracellular events in the formation of the MHC class II-peptide complexes recognized by CD4-positive T cells. These data raise the possibility that the intracellular association of class II with the non-polymorphic glycoprotein, invariant chain (Ii), may regulate the interaction between processed antigen and MHC class II molecules. To address this possibility, we have generated a series of transfected fibroblast cell lines that express class II with and without Ii. Although the presence of Ii does not seem to affect the ability of the cells to process and present intact antigen, Ii-negative cells express an altered form of class II at the cell surface. This modified conformation of class II in Ii-negative cells is detectable by an increase in the ability to present antigenic peptides to T cells and a decrease in the binding of several class II-specific monoclonal antibodies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1990

Accessory function of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6: preferential costimulation of T4 positive lymphocytes.

Two monocyte-derived cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), have been reported to costimulate monocyte-depleted T cell populations in the presence of mitogen, and this effect has been attributed to an accessory function of these molecules. We have now examined further the accessory function potential of IL-1 plus IL-6, and examined how these cytokines promote T cell growth with mitogen. Together, IL-1 and IL-6 additively and, to a small degree, synergistically promote the proliferation of highly purified human peripheral blood T cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). However, maximum costimulation by IL-1 plus IL-6 over a wide range of concentrations is significantly smaller than that induced by optimal numbers of monocytes. Also, in contrast to monocytes that costimulate equally effectively T4 positive and T8 positive cells, IL-1 plus IL-6 costimulate T4 positive lymphocytes in marked preference to T8 positive cells. IL-1 plus IL-6 induces IL-2 secretion in T cell cultures costimulated with PHA, and an antibody to the IL-2 receptor, anti-Tac, markedly inhibits PHA-activated T cells costimulated by IL-1 plus IL-6. In addition, IL-1 plus IL-6 enhances the expression of surface IL-2 receptors. Because the costimulatory effect of IL-1 plus IL-6 is quantitatively smaller than that of monocytes, and it is preferentially directed toward T4 positive as opposed to T8 positive T cells, IL-1 plus IL-6, together, appear to represent a selective set of monocyte-derived accessory signals.

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1990

Tissue-specific expression of allogeneic class II MHC molecules induces neither tissue rejection nor clonal inactivation of alloreactive T cells.

To analyze the control of self tolerance to tissue-specific Ag, we have constructed C57BL/6 (H-2b) transgenic mice that express allogeneic class II (I-Ad) molecules exclusively on pancreatic islet cells. By a number of criteria, including I-Ad mRNA, and tissue and cell surface I-Ad protein levels, the islet cells appear to be expressing levels of I-Ad similar to B lymphocytes. Although one of the transgenic lines that expresses only the beta-chain occasionally displays slightly elevated glucose levels, this hyperglycemia is not enhanced when alpha and beta are coexpressed, allowing for cell surface I-Ad expression. None of the mice examined has demonstrated any autoimmune reaction to the I-Ad+ islet cells. Despite this apparent lack of recognition of the I-Ad+ islet cells, these animals demonstrate no reduction in the in vitro MLR generated to the same MHC molecule. Therefore, these mice remain functionally tolerant to the transgene product without inactivating those T cells that can recognize this same MHC molecule in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Concurrence of transient asplenia and pure red cell aplasia.

We report a 9-year-old male with anatomical asplenia diagnosed at 7 months of age documented by ultrasound and liver-spleen scan which resolved spontaneously 3 years later. The patient concurrently had pure red cell aplasia which subsequently resolved spontaneously.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Erythrocyte stearic acid desaturation in patients with colorectal carcinoma.

The erythrocyte stearic:oleic acid ratio (saturation index) was investigated as a means of differentiating between control subjects (n = 146) and patients with benign (n = 48) and malignant (n = 117) colorectal disease and patients undergoing postoperative follow-up after curative resection (n = 49). Erythrocyte fatty acid profiles were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Neither age, sex, Dukes' stage, nor degree of differentiation of the tumors had a significant effect on the erythrocyte saturation index. The erythrocyte saturation index was lower in patients with primary and recurrent colorectal cancer compared with control subjects and patients with inflammatory bowel disease or benign colonic polyps (P less than 0.0001). The erythrocyte saturation index was not found to be useful in the postoperative follow-up of these patients. Using both saturation index and age as a means of differentiating between patients with primary colorectal cancer and control subjects gave a sensitivity of 67 percent and a specificity of 81 percent.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Preparation for Donders' type B and C reaction tasks.

Several variants of a precued reaction time experiment were performed to assess preparation for Choice (Donders' type B) or Go/No-Go (type C) reaction tasks. On each trial, the imperative stimulus could necessitate either a keypress with the left forefinger, the right forefinger, or no response. A precue given at lead times of 50-750 ms either informed the subject whether the task was a type B task (left or right forefinger response), a type C task (e.g., left forefinger or No Go), or carried no information (all three possibilities remained open). The noninformative cue produced minor facilitation of reaction time at long lead times only. At lead times of 50-250 ms, the other two precues speeded reactions by about 50 ms. At precue intervals of 400-750 ms, Go/No-Go reactions averaged 25 ms faster than Choice reactions in an experiment which utilized appropriate controls for stimulus and task parameters. The mixed-trial design rules out gross motor (e.g., postural) adjustments as an explanation for the advantage of C over B reactions. An interpretation in terms of a two-stage theory of motor preparation is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Differential effects of teleocidin on TNF alpha receptor regulation in human B cell lines: relationship to coexpression of IL-2 and IL-1 receptors and to lymphokine secretion.

We have studied 23 human B cell lines for TNF alpha receptor reactivities and TNF secretion. High affinity TNF alpha receptors with a wide range of 200 to 7200 receptor sites/cell and an average kD of approximately 10(-10) M were detected in 22 of 23 cell lines. Following activation with the tumor promoter teleocidin, changes in TNF alpha receptor binding were classified into three categories: (I) Downregulation of TNF alpha receptors (n = 15); (II) Upregulation of TNF alpha receptors (n = 5); and (III). No change of TNF alpha receptor binding (n = 3). Constitutive secretion of TNF was detected in 2 cell lines only, and teleocidin triggered TNF secretion in an additional 10 cell lines in category I. Although this suggests possible association between TNF alpha receptor downregulation and secreted TNF, 48-hr kinetic studies demonstrated that TNF alpha receptors were downregulated at approximately 1 hr after activation with teleocidin, whereas TNF secretion was detected only at 24 hr. TNF alpha receptor regulation did not seem to be influenced by secreted IL-1 and/or B cell IL-2-like molecule as well, but correlates with coexpression of IL-1 and IL-2 receptors. Dissecting the complexity between these three types of lymphokine receptors and their corresponding lymphokines suggest that TNF alpha receptor regulation is influenced by IL-2 receptors and/or IL-1 receptors coexpressed on the same cell, and that cross-talk between B cell lymphokine receptors exists.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1990

The hidden mortality in surgically treated necrotizing enterocolitis: fungal sepsis.

From 1979 to 1986, 82 infants underwent surgical treatment for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), with 36 deaths. The records of 30 of the 36 infants who died were available for review. Fungal colonization and sepsis, the sites of infection, and timing of diagnosis and therapy were determined. Sixteen of 30 (53%) neonates had no evidence of fungus. Six (20%) were colonized with Candida species. Eight (27%) had fungal sepsis, with two of these eight found only at necropsy. Positive fungal blood cultures were a late finding. In only four of the six patients with positive blood cultures were the results known in time to initiate treatment with amphotericin B. Two of these four babies received less than 2 days of amphotericin B treatment prior to death. Fungal sepsis is a significant lethal factor in the surgical mortality of NEC. Vigorous efforts at earlier diagnosis are mandatory.

Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous↗
PubMed1990

Spinal paralysis and catalepsy induced by intrathecal injection of opioid agonists.

The intrathecal administration of high (1.05 mumol) doses of D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (DAMA), D-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalinamide (DADLE), Try-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr, MR2034-TA, dextrorphan tartrate, U50,488H, levorphanol tartrate, methadone hydrochloride, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine induced spinal hypokinesia. The first 5 of these compounds caused spinal paralysis, whereas the other compounds and lower doses of the first 4 induced waxy catalepsy that was restricted to the hindquarters of rats. The paralysis induced by DAMA was not reversible by IT injections of 50 micrograms naltrexone, indicating, together with the paralytic effects of dextrorphan, that traditional opiate receptors are not involved in this behavioral effect. The spinal catalepsy induced by 0.26 mumol of DAMA was prevented by IT pretreatment with 10 micrograms of naltrexone. In view of this finding and the observation that spinal catalepsy can be induced by agonists of all opiate receptor classes, it seems likely that spinal catalepsy is produced by activation of specific opiate receptors, although the subtype remains to be established.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Biosynthesis and intracellular transport of MHC class II molecules associated with a mutated, glycosaminoglycan-negative invariant chain.

The MHC Class II molecular complex is composed of polymorphic alpha and beta chains and a non-polymorphic "invariant" chain (Ii) that can be converted to a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. To determine whether the proteoglycan form of invariant chain (Ii-CS) had a role in the expression of the Class II complex, we studied the biosynthetic fate of alpha-beta in cells transfected either with normal Ii cDNA or with a site-directed mutant of Ii (IiAla201) that lacked the site of glycosaminoglycan addition. We had reported [Miller J., Hatch J. A., Simonis S. and Cullen S. E. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1359-1363] that the mutant protein associated stably with alpha and beta chains, and that it showed charge heterogeneity suggesting some oligosaccharide processing. In this study we demonstrated that the rate and extent of alpha-beta processing and the rate of alpha-beta cell surface expression is the same in the presence of either normal or mutant Ii. Examination of the mutant Ii protein itself revealed normal transport through different processing compartments, as evidenced by the addition of fatty acid and by maturation of N-linked oligosaccharides. Moreover, though the rate of conversion of IiAla201 into more processed forms was slower in the absence of alpha-beta than in its presence, this was also typical of the wild type invariant chain. The ability to alter glycosaminoglycan addition without significantly disturbing other processing events or trafficking should allow a rigorous assessment of the impact of glycosaminoglycan addition on Class II function.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Untreated anorexia nervosa. A case study of the medical consequences.

This case demonstrates the devastating physical sequelae of 30 years of untreated anorexia nervosa. A full array of these consequences occur in this one patient and include the following: malnutrition and hypoproteinemia, electrolyte disturbances, cortical atrophy with hydrocephalus ex vacuo, tricuspid and mitral valvular dysfunction, anemia, impaired lower gastrointestinal motility, delayed gastric emptying, disturbances in the hypothalamic pituitary target organ axes, severe osteoporosis, marked edema, and extreme muscle wasting. Other possible physical sequelae of her anorexia nervosa are discussed. Psychiatrists, as well as other physicians, should be vigilant in diagnosing this illness and treating it as early as possible. This particular patient was in the medical system for numerous admissions and workups over three decades before the correct diagnosis of anorexia nervosa was made.

Aged↗