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Biomedical subjects

J M Wild

Publications and source records attributed to J M Wild.

139 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The qualitative comparative analysis of the visual field using computer assisted, semi-automated and manual instrumentation: II. Statistical analysis.

A comparative evaluation of the Octopus automated perimeter (Programmes 21 and 31), the Goldmann Bowl perimeter, the Bjerrum Screen and the Friedmann VFAs MkI and MkII was carried out on a heterogeneous sample of 75 patients. The results for the sample as a whole were analysed statistically in terms of the scoring system developed by Flanagan, Wild, Barnes, Gilmartin, Good and Crews (1984a). Statistically significant differences between the instruments were found at each of the 4 levels of analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The qualitative comparative analysis of the visual field using computer assisted, semi-automated and manual instrumentation: III. Clinical analysis.

A comparative evaluation of the Octopus automated perimeter (Programmes 21 and 31), the Goldmann Bowl perimeter, the Bjerrum Screen and the Friedmann VFAs Mk I and Mk II was carried out on a heterogeneous sample of 75 patients. Field loss was categorized using a modification of the classifications proposed by Greve (1982). The results were analysed using the Level 4 analysis developed by Flanagan, Wild, Barnes, Gilmartin, Good and Crews (1984a). The performance of the various test logics was found to differ between the categories of field defect.

Computers↗
PubMed1984

A trigeminal sensorimotor circuit for pecking, grasping and feeding in the pigeon (Columba livia).

A combination of autoradiographic and histochemical tracing procedures was used to identify telencephalic structures, linking the sensory and motor components of the trigeminal system in the pigeon. In addition to the nucleus basalis, these structures include trigeminal projection areas in the frontal and caudal neostriatum both of which project upon the intermediate archistriatum . Archistriatal output reaches premotor areas in the lateral (parvocellular) reticular formation via a descending pathway, the occipitomesencephalic tract. The trigeminal sensorimotor circuit defined in these experiments has been linked, by neurobehavioral studies, to the control of pecking, grasping and feeding in the pigeon.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The occupational success of visually handicapped adolescents in the first year after leaving school for the partially seeing.

Data on 355 partially sighted youngsters was obtained during the final year of schooling by clinical assessment and by perusal of appropriate school records. Approximately 12 months after leaving school, a postal questionnaire was used to obtain information on employment record. A response rate of 85.6% was achieved. A measure of occupational success, based on job tenure, was derived for the 169 respondents who had sought employment. Correlational analysis was undertaken between occupational success and 46 visual, biographical, psychological and educational parameters. Small but statistically significant correlations were obtained for the sex of the youngster, academic qualifications, one measure of distance visual acuity and the youngsters' attitudes to visual impairment and to the interaction with the normally sighted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Residual vision in the low vision patient--some concepts.

The ability to function with residual sight--visual ability--varies widely among individuals with low vision. The theoretical nature of visual ability, however, is poorly understood. Various components of visual ability are defined in an attempt to advance the understanding of this subject.

Blindness↗
PubMed1981

Identification and localization of the motor nuclei and sensory projections of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves of the cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla), Cacatuidae.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been applied to the proximal severed ends of glossopharyngeal (N IX), vagus (NX), and hypoglossal (N XII) cockatoo in order to localize the motoneurons and sensory projections of these nerves which are involved in the control of the bird's feeding and phonatory behaviors. Application of HRP to N IX labeled four rhombencephalic nuclei: (1) a large-celled, retrofacial nucleus supplying M. geniohyoideus, the major tongue extensor; (2) a dorsal nucleus composed of medium-sized cells, projecting to most branches of N IX; (3) a ventrolateral nucleus supplying, amongst other structures, the floor of the pharynx and larynx; and (4) a ventral portion of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Neurons labeled by application of HRP to the cervical vagus comprise the classically defined dorsal motor nucleus and a ventrolateral medullary nucleus which is coextensive with that of the glossopharyngeus: together they probably constitute a nucleus ambiguus. Application of HRP to hypoglossal branches labeled a large nucleus intermedius (IM) and neurons ventral, ventrolateral, and caudal to it. The rostral third of IM supplies the lingual muscles, the caudal two-thirds the tracheosyringeal muscles. Many labeled neurons were found in the "jugular" ganglion following HRP treatment of each of the three nerves, especially N IX and N XII, which innervate the tongue. Central projections of these neurons are to nuclei of the descending trigeminus and to largely nonoverlapping portions of the principal trigeminal nucleus. It is hypothesized that these afferents provide sensory information necessary for the efficient processing and passage of food in the mouth.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Central representation and somatotopic organization of the jaw muscles within the facial and trigeminal nuclei of the pigeon (Columba livia).

The location of facial and trigeminal brainstem motoneurons innervating the jaw muscles of the pigeon has been determined, using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Trigeminal motoneurons innervating the jaw closing muscles are located within the classically defined main trigeminal motor nucleus, and their organization exhibits approximately a mediolateral somatotopy. Trigeminal neurons innervating the opener muscle of the upper jaw are also located in the main trigeminal motor nucleus, but comprise a dorsomedial subnucleus which is continuous caudally with the dorsal facial nucleus whose neurons innervate the opener muscle of the lower jaw. The Vth and VIIth motor nuclei are thus linked in the rostrocaudal plane. The representations of other head muscles are arranged in a dorsoventral manner within the V-VII motor complex, with the lower eyelid muscle represented most dorsally and the hyoid and superficial neck muscles most ventrally. Jaw closing muscles were well represented in both the Gasserian ganglion and trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. No such representation was found for either of the jaw opening muscles. The HRP data indicate that the V-VII motor complex in birds is far more extensive than has previously been suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Screening optometric patients by questionnaire: methods of improving response.

Mailed questionnaires are a quick and cheap means of obtaining data, but they have two disadvantages. They often produce low response rates irrespective of the nature of the group sampled, and they may seem inappropriate for clinical samples with visual problems. High response rates are needed for reliable results and valid conclusions. This paper presents a set of techniques enabling high response rates to be obtained. It also reports research showing that such techniques are appropriate even for the partially sighted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Origin, course and terminations of the rubrospinal tract in the pigeon (Columba livia).

The red nucleus and its spinal projections in the pigeon (Columba livia) have been studied using both normal and experimental material. The cytoarchitecture of the nucleus is described on the basis of Nissl-stained sections and reveals an organization generally similar to that of mammals. The large neurons (40-50 mum) tend to be located dorsomedially and ventrolaterally at more caudal nuclear levels, while the small- and medium-sized neurons (15-35 mum) predominate at rostral levels. However, neurons of all sizes are present throughout the nucleus. Following lesions of the nucleus, the course of degenerating axons stained with the Fink-Heimer method has been traced throughout the brainstem and spinal cord. The rubrospinal tract crosses the midline, courses past the ventrocaudal aspect of the contralateral nucleus ruber, and then descends rostro-ventral and lateral to the nucleus tegmenti pontinus. In its caudal continuation the tract lies ventral to the brachium conjunctivum and the entering radix of the trigeminal nerve. It then assumes a ventrolateral position in the caudal brainstem before shifting to a dorsolateral position in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Within the spinal grey the rubrospinal tract terminates in laminae V, VI and to a lesser extent VII. The possibility of a topographical organization of the nucleus was investigated with injections of horseradish peroxidase into brachial, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Regardless of the level of injection, labelled neurons of all sizes were present throughout the contralateral nucleus ruber, indicating the absence of an obvious topography.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Raphe inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Anatomical and electrophysiological studies suggest that the medullary raphe gives rise to a monosynaptic, inhibitory projection on sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Physiological and behavioral data indicate that this sympathoinhibitory pathway participates in the central control of cardiovascular function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of dehydration on brain volume -- preliminary results.

In adults the cranium is a rigid bony vault of fixed size and therefore the intra-cranial volume is a constant which equals the sum of the volume of the brain, the intra-cranial volume of CSF and the intra-cranial volume of blood. There can be marked changes in the volumes of these three intra-cranial compartments which may influence susceptibility to brain damage after head injury. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between dehydration and changes in the volume of the brain and the cerebral ventricles. Six healthy control subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before and after a period of exercise in an environmental chamber. The subjects lost between 2.1 % and 2.6 % of their body mass due to water loss through sweating. We found a correlation between the degree of dehydration and the change in ventricular volume (r=0.932, p=0.007). The changes in ventricular volume caused by dehydration were much larger than those seen in day-to-day fluctuations in a normally hydrated healthy control subject.

Adolescent↗