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Biomedical subjects

J M Tanner

Publications and source records attributed to J M Tanner.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Issues and advances in adolescent growth and development.

The differences between individuals in tempo of growth, leading to early or late appearance of puberty, are of great importance at adolescence. Late developers, and particularly those who are genetically small as well as late, often suffer acutely and may keep scars of their suffering for years afterward. These individuals need sympathetic support and counseling, which can only be forthcoming from someone who understands thoroughly the auxology of adolescence and is able to tell the adolescent precisely and correctly what will happen in the next six months, one year, and two years. Educating the counselors, and educating the children before they enter adolescence, is a task of importance and immediacy. The physiologic mechanism of tempo is entirely unknown at present, and the major job of research is to remove this ignorance. Close collaboration is needed with pediatric endocrinologists and endocrinologists working with nonhuman primates. A prime need here is for the building of further auxologic and endocrinologic tools and the development of testable models of growth regulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Clinical growth standards for Irish children.

A cross-sectional study, measuring height and weight, was performed on a representative sample of 3,509 Irish children aged from 5 to 19 years inclusive. Comparison with other countries showed a significantly later pubertal growth spurt than either the U.K. or the U.S. However, the final adult height and weight are similar to other countries as in the weight-for-height of children aged 5 to 9 years. The urban children are taller than the rural and the higher socio-economic groups are taller than the lower at all ages, but all achieved the same final adult height. Longitudinal tempo-conditional growth standards were constructed based on the Irish cross-sectional and menarche data together with all the available information from longitudinal studies. These charts are similar to those of the U.K., but the use of colours allows more information to be put on the charts, thus making them more suitable for clinical use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Normal growth and techniques of growth assessment.

The shape of the human growth curve is described and illustrated. Growth studies may be longitudinal, cross-sectional, mixed longitudinal or linked-longitudinal; each has advantages and disadvantages, and each requires appropriate statistical methods for handling the data. Standards for height and height velocity for use in a clinical setting wherein follow-up over several years is presumed are described and illustrated. Such standards have to take into account tempo of growth at ages over nine years. Cross-sectionally derived standards do not do this and are not suitable for clinical use. The techniques of measurement of height, sitting height and skinfolds are described and illustrated. Growth and development during puberty is described; there are changes in body composition as well as in body size and shape. Standards for pubertal stages of breasts, pubic hair and genitalia are given and emphasis is laid on the great variation in both the timing and the duration of these pubertal changes. Measurement of developmental age is discussed. The Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse methods for skeletal age are described. These methods can be used for predicting adult height which is useful both in diagnosis and in following the effects of treatment. In diagnosis the predicted adult height is compared to the range of expected heights in the children of the particular pair of parents concerned (the so-called 'target' range of heights) to see if smallness is simply due to delay. Change in Tanner-Whitehouse predicted height occurs on successful treatment of, for example, growth hormone deficient short stature, and is thus a guide to the success of treatment. Standards are also given for height of children from age two to nine inclusive, with allowance for height of their parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children.

Longitudinally-based height and height velocity charts for North American children are presented. Centiles are given for early, middle, and late maturers. The shape of the curves is taken from a review of longitudinal studies, and the prepubertal and adult centiles for height attained are taken from National Center for Health Statistics data. The charts are suitable for following an individual child's progress during observation or treatment throughout the growth period, including puberty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Growth regulation and the genetics of growth.

To summarise; the genetics of growth includes the genetics of growth regulation, for growth is tightly controlled, as evidenced by catch-up growth and the increasing similarity of MZ pairs as a result of growth in the first year. Tempo of growth is under genetical control but quite separately from size. Its heritability is not very different from the heritability of size. Genetic similarity between parents and offspring can be allowed for in the clinic either by using parent-allowed-for regression-type standards for height, at ages 2.0 to 9.0, or by comparing the predicted adult height of the given child with the target range of adult heights characterising the offspring of the particular parents.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Prediction of adult height from height and bone age in childhood. A new system of equations (TW Mark II) based on a sample including very tall and very short children.

A new series of equations is presented for predicting the adult height of a child given present height and bone age. These equations (TW height prediction, Mark II) which replace the ones given in 1975 (TW height prediction, Mark I) are based on larger numbers of normal children, and more importantly on a sample that includes, for the first time, numbers of very tall, very short, and very growth-delayed children. In addition, equations are given for use when the increment of height or bone age, or both, over the previous year is known. These variates improve the prediction at most ages over 8 years in girls and 11 years in boys. The previously given parental allowance has been dropped. Typically 95% of the predictions lie within +/- 8 cm of the real value for boys aged 10 years, falling to +/- 6 cm for boys aged 15 years, or +/- 4 cm if their previous height increment is known. For premenarcheal girls the predictions lie within about +/- 6 cm at age 8 years; a figure which diminishes little till 13 years unless height and bone age increments are known, when it reaches +/- 4 cm at 13 years. For postmenarcheal girls the predictions are substantially more accurate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Menarcheal age.

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Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Growth failure.

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Anthropometry↗
PubMed1981

Growth hormone treatment in children with craniopharyngioma: final growth status.

Twenty-seven out of thirty craniopharyngioma patients treated with human growth hormone (hGH) for 2 years or more (average 4.5 years) reached final adult heights above the population third centile, though none was above the fiftieth centile. However, only twelve of twenty-eight patients had final heights above the lower limits to be expected from their parents' heights. All patient eventually had long legs relative to sitting height (final mean subischial leg length SDS = + 0.2, final mean sitting height SDS = -3.0). Twenty-nine patients were TSH-deficient, twenty-two were ACTH-deficient, thirteen were deficient in ADH and all had total (85%) or partial (15%) gonadotrophin deficiency. Following the administration of testosterone or hCG the boys had, on average, only half the normal adolescent growth spurt. This may have been due to the lateness of starting androgens in these patients and we recommend, when considering height, that testosterone or hCG should be started when a bone age of 13.0 "years' is reached or when a lower bone age has remained unchanged for a year. The girls showed adolescent height spurt; the average increase after oestrogen treatment commended was 1.7 cm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Gonadotrophin response to LH-RH in boys with delayed growth and adolescence.

Plasma luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were measured before and after intravenous luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in 33 boys with growth delay. Eighteen were prepubertal and 15 pubertal. Basal LH and FSH levels were low in both groups with mean increments after LH-RH of 3.2 +/- 0.8 U/l (mean +/- SEM) and 2.6 +/- 0.4 U/l respectively in the prepubertal and 7.4 +/- 0.7 U/l and 2.0 +/- 0.3 U/l in the pubertal boys. The LH increment showed a positive correlation with increasing bone age (r = 0.71, P less than 0.001); FSH did not. The LH-RH response thus appeared normal in relation to the stage of maturity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Short stature as the primary manifestation of coeliac disease.

Thirty-four patients with short stature of undetermined cause and no gastrointestinal symptoms underwent jejunal biopsy for exclusion of coeliac disease. Eight had subtotal or severe partial villous atrophy and seven showed a significant acceleration in height and weight velocity after the introduction of a gluten-free diet. Short stature by itself, in the complete absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, is an indication for jejunal biopsy, particularly if bone age is delayed by more than 4 years and/or there are associated haematological abnormalities.

Adolescent↗