Twenty-four children, age 14 to 50 months, with a history of prenatal exposure to multiple drugs including cocaine, were matched by adjusted birth age and sex to 24 children with no history of drug exposure. All children had been living in stable, drug-free environments from at least the age of 11 months. Tests administered included the Sequenced Inventory of Communicative Development-Revised (SICD), the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R). Results indicated significant differences between groups and genders on the SICD when age was covaried and between groups on the Bayley. No groups or genders differed on the PPVT-R. Many (45.8%) of the children in the drug-exposed group qualified for intervention services according to Washington state criteria. Subject characteristics, other than age, did not play a significant role in the findings of group differences. It is concluded that, due to the cumulative effects of prenatal history, these children should be considered at risk for language delay.

Child, Preschool↗

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Comparative study of the phonology of preschool children prenatally exposed to cocaine and multiple drugs and non-exposed children.

Cocaine and multiple drug abuse among young adults has spawned research interest in fetal exposure and the sequela of that exposure during the formative developmental years. Previous study of the language development of exposed children has not specifically addressed phonological acquisition. In the present study, the speech of 25 children prenatally exposed to cocaine and multiple drugs was analyzed and compared to that of 25 children who were not prenatally exposed to determine if differences were evident in their phonological patterns. The children ranged in age from 22 months to 51 months. The number and type of phonological processes produced, number of utterances needed to produce a 50-word sample, number of unintelligible words produced, and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores were recorded and analyzed. The use of cocaine and multiple drugs during pregnancy was associated with an increase in the use of phonological processes.

Adult↗

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Personalizing the search process.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Administrative Personnel↗

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Expression profiles of 50 xenobiotic transporter genes in humans and pre-clinical species: a resource for investigations into drug disposition.

Carrier-mediated transporters play a critical role in xenobiotic disposition and transporter research is complicated by species differences and their selective tissue expression. The purpose of this study was to generate a comprehensive data set of xenobiotic transporter gene expression profiles in humans and the pre-clinical species mouse, rat, beagle dog and cynomolgus monkey. mRNA expression profiles of 50 genes from the ABC, SLC and SLCO transporter superfamilies were examined in 40 human tissues by microarray analyses. Transporter genes that were identified as enriched in the liver or kidney, or that were selected for their known roles in xenobiotic disposition, were then compared in 22 tissues across the five species. Finally, as clinical variability in drug response and adverse reactions may be the result of variability in transporter gene expression, variability in the expression of selected transporter genes in 75 human liver donors were examined and compared with the highly variable drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4.

Animals↗

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Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy. A comparison of morphine, selective intercostal nerve block, and interpleural regional analgesia with bupivacaine.

Three postoperative analgesic protocols were assigned randomly to 24 healthy dogs after thoracotomy at the left fourth intercostal space. Morphine was administered parenterally to eight dogs after tracheal extubation; selective intercostal nerve blocks with bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine were administered to eight dogs before closure of the thorax; and bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine were administered through an interpleural catheter to eight dogs after tracheal extubation. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, hematocrit, plasma protein, blood gas, and pain score evaluations were recorded before surgery and 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after extubation. Morphine caused significant decreases in blood pH and blood oxygen tensions, and significant increases in carbon dioxide tensions. Dogs treated with intercostal nerve blocks had no significant changes in these parameters, and dogs treated with interpleural bupivacaine had significant decreases in blood oxygen tension. All dogs had significant decreases in rectal temperature, and hypothermia was prolonged after morphine. Analgesia was initially adequate in most dogs, but some dogs in each treatment group had recurrence of pain and were treated with interpleural bupivacaine. One dog developed pneumothorax. Interpleural administration of bupivacaine produced analgesia equal to that produced by systemic administration of morphine or selective intercostal nerve block with bupivacaine. Bupivacaine was easily readministered through an interpleural catheter. Respiratory compromise was less in dogs treated with bupivacaine than in dogs treated with morphine. After intercostal thoracotomy, interpleural bupivacaine provided prolonged analgesia with fewer blood gas alterations than morphine.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

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Histological appearance of naturally occurring canine physeal fractures.

The Salter-Harris classification system is widely used to describe the anatomical appearance of and predict the prognosis for physeal fractures in canine clinical patients. Salter and Harris classified experimentally induced physeal fractures on radiographic and histological appearance, however, the good prognosis afforded Salter-Harris type I and II fractures in experimental animals has been questioned for the canine patient. Twelve naturally occurring physeal fractures from five traumatized dogs, who were euthanatized at the request of their owners, and one resected femoral head were examined histologically. Ten of the 13 physeal fractures disrupted the cells in the proliferative zone. The histological appearance of growth plate disruption in the injured animal correlates more closely with the clinical observations of growth retardation than the experimental observation of continued growth after fracture through the hypertrophic zone. The results of this study indicated that considerable damage to the physeal cartilage occurred during the traumatic incident in most of these clinical animal patients.

Animals↗

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The early amniocentesis study: a randomized clinical trial of early amniocentesis versus midtrimester amniocentesis.

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether the safety of early amniocentesis (EA; 11 weeks to 12 weeks and 6 days) is similar to midtrimester amniocentesis (MA; 15 weeks to 16 weeks and 6 days). The secondary objectives were to determine the cytogenetic success and accuracy of EA compared with MA. METHODS: This prospective, randomized clinical trial compared continuous ultrasound-guided EA and MA (22-gauge needle) in patients at a late maternal age (> or = 35 years). The procedures were compared for safety, success and accuracy. RESULTS: Among the 683 women randomized and followed to pregnancy completion, there was a total of 27/344 (7.8%) and 25/339 (7.4%) fetal losses (spontaneous and induced abortions) in the EA and MA groups, respectively (difference 0.4%; CI -3.6 to 4.4%). The rate of postprocedure spontaneous fetal loss was 2.4% (8/330) in the EA group and 3.3% (10/299) in the MA group (NS). The procedure success rate at the first attempt was 97.6% in the EA group and 99.7% in the MA group. There were no diagnostic errors, and all but 2 EA cultures were successful (both repeated successfully). The perinatal outcome was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: EA appears to be as safe and accurate as MA. A large multicentered, randomized trial is currently underway to verify these results.

Amniocentesis↗

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Ophthalmic manifestations and complications of dental disease in dogs and cats.

Ophthalmic manifestations of dental disease may occur in dogs and cats because of the proximity between posterior maxillary teeth and the orbit. Ophthalmic disorders may be diagnosed promptly, but the initiating dental disease may be overlooked. Inappropriate diagnosis and treatment of dental disease may result in loss of teeth, irreversible vision-threatening ophthalmic disease, or, ultimately, loss of the globe. When ophthalmic examination results are suggestive of a primary dental disorder, thorough examination of the maxillary teeth is imperative to diagnose appropriately the underlying dental disease. Therapy should include treatment of the dental disease and secondary ophthalmic disorders.

Animals↗

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