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Biomedical subjects

J M Hamilton-Miller

Publications and source records attributed to J M Hamilton-Miller.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

A review of the antimicrobial activity of the fluoroquinolones.

The evolution of the fluoroquinolones is described, and structure-activity relationships outlined. The in-vitro antimicrobial activities of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against a wide range of organisms are critically reviewed. In-vitro factors influencing fluoroquinolone activity are discussed. Reports of the acquisition of resistance to the fluoroquinolones are evaluated. Finally, possible future directions for this group of antibiotics are discussed.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1990

Comparative study of cephradine and amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections.

Eighty-eight female patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections were treated according to a randomization scheme with either 1 g of cephradine every 12 h (47 patients) or 375 mg of amoxicillin-clavulanate every 8 h (41 patients) for 7 days. The treatments were equally effective (cure rates of 89% for cephradine and 88% for amoxicillin-clavulanate) and showed similar relapse rates (cephradine, 14%; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 11%). Adverse effects were similar in both groups (cephradine, 23%; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 22%).

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1990

Relationship of urinary pH to symptoms of 'cystitis'.

The pH of urine samples from patients suffering symptoms suggesting urinary infection (e.g. dysuria, frequency, urgency) was measured while the patients were symptomatic and again when they had become asymptomatic. There was no correlation between the urine pH and the incidence or number of symptoms. No differences were observed between either the distribution or means of urine pH values in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. There were also no significant differences in either symptomatology or urine pH between patients with significant bacteriuria and those without significant bacteriuria. These results cast doubt upon the traditional (but unproved) belief that alkalinizing the urine helps to reduce symptoms of dysuria and/or frequency, whether or not associated with urinary infection.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

General practitioner study: fosfomycin trometamol versus amoxycillin clavulanate in acute urinary tract infections.

A clinical trial comparing 5 days' treatment with amoxycillin/clavulanate (group A) and a single dose of fosfomycin trometamol (group B) is presented. The study was done in symptomatic patients presenting to their family practitioner, with the microbiological testing being carried out in a university hospital laboratory. Of 62 patients with significant bacteriuria, 29 were given amoxycillin/clavulanate and 33 fosfomycin trometamol, in a randomized fashion. Cure rates 1 week and 5 weeks after the end of treatment were 72 and 65% in group A and 85 and 81% in group B. Adverse events assessed in 141 patients were unusual (10.1% in group A and 8.3% in group B) and were mild in nature. The results of this study suggest that single-dose treatment with fosfomycin trometamol is effective and acceptable as a conventional course of amoxycillin clavulanate for the treatment of simple acute dysuria and/or frequency with infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

The worldwide problem of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to both methicillin and aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin) emerged during the late 1970s. They have now become established in hospitals throughout the world, and outbreaks of infection and colonization cause severe clinical and managerial problems. Therapeutic options are limited and clearance of the carrier state may be difficult. Much is known about the genetic and biochemical properties of the organisms but more work is necessary both to develop antibiotics active against these strains and to formulate effective measures for their control.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Ramoplanin versus methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro experience.

The authors have investigated the activity of ramoplanin against 162 isolates of MRSA from some twenty-six countries around the world. MICs were determined by the plate dilution method in isosensitest agar with an inoculum of 10(6) cfu. MBCs were measured by replication, using velvet pads, from MIC plates after 24 h incubation at 37 degrees C. Time-kill curves were determined from viable counts of cultures in Isosensitest broth (inoculum ca. 5.0 x 10(6) cfu/ml) taken at intervals during shaking culture at 37 degrees C for up to 24 h. Ciprofloxacin, mupirocin, rifampicin, teicoplanin and vancomycin were used as comparison compounds. The following MIC90 (MBC90) values (mg/l) were obtained against a selection of 60 strains: ciprofloxacin 0.8 (1.8), mupirocin 0.27 (19.0), ramoplanin 0.5 (1.0), rifampicin 0.007 (0.01), teicoplanin 1.2 (greater than 32) and vancomycin 2.2 (greater than 32.0). In time-kill experiments, ramoplanin at 20 mg/l and ciprofloxacin at 3.0 mg/l produced 99.9% killing in less than 4h. Mupirocin at 4.0 mg/l was only slowly bactericidal. No resistance was found to mupirocin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin or vancomycin in the 162 isolates tested, whereas ca. 20% resistance was found to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. The absence of resistance, the high intrinsic activity and the rapid bactericidal effect of ramoplanin against this diverse group of MRSA are very encouraging, and suggest that clinical trials are indicated.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Antibiotic activity of natural products: 1. Propolis.

Material extracted from propolis (bee glue) by alkaline aqueous solvents or organic solvents showed weak inhibitory activity in vitro against certain species of Gram-positive bacteria. No antimicrobial activity was detected in urine from three volunteers who had taken 500 mg propolis three times a day for 3 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

World-wide antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined for 106 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from 21 countries. Resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, streptomycin, or erthromycin was recorded in more than 90% of strains. Resistance to the other compounds tested was as follows: tetracycline 86%, minocycline 76%, trimethoprim 69%, clindamycin 66%, neomycin 59%, chloramphenicol 39%, rifampicin 26%, fosfomycin 22%, ciprofloxacin 17%, fusidic acid 12%, bacitracin 2%, and novobiocin 1%. All the stains were sensitive to mupirocin, pristinamycin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. There were geographical patterns of resistance: MRSA from the UK and Australia were predominantly resistant to trimethoprim, whereas many strains from centres in Europe and the USA were sensitive. MRSA that were resistant to ciprofloxacin were of French and German origin. 15 strains, 12 of which came from France, Turkey, or Brazil, were resistant either to thirteen or to fourteen agents.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1989

Comparative in-vitro activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin, ramoplanin (formerly A16686), paldimycin, DuP 721 and DuP 105 against methicillin and gentamicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The in-vitro activities of five anti-staphylococcal agents, teicoplanin, ramoplanin, paldimycin, DuP 721 and DuP 105 have been compared to vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) have been determined for a collection of methicillin and gentamicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MGRSA), comprising 75 strains obtained from 22 centres. In terms of geometric mean MICs (inoculum size 10(5) cfu) paldimycin was the most active agent (0.4 mg/l) followed by ramoplanin (0.75 mg/l), teicoplanin (1.0 mg/l), DuP 721 and vancomycin (2.0 mg/l) and DuP 105 (6.8 mg/l). Ramoplanin was bactericidal within six hours to all strains at a concentration of 1.0 mg/l. The MBC90s for vancomycin and teicoplanin were greater than 32 mg/l after 22 h exposure to antibiotic and 2.5 and 4.0 mg/l respectively after 26 h exposure. Paldimycin was bactericidal against only some strains, while DuP 721 and DuP 105 were not bactericidal. Ramoplanin is the most interesting of the new antibiotics, on account of its rapid and consistent bactericidal activity.

Acetylcysteine↗