Fluorine compounds in anaesthesia (7). Examination of two derivatives of normal butane and nine heavily halogenated ring compounds.
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Anesthetics↗
Biomedical subjects
J M Hall
Publications and source records attributed to J M Hall.
High turnover osteopenia in preterm babies.
Osteopenia is common in preterm babies, but its pathogenesis is uncertain. In this study bone density in babies was quantitated, postnatal bone mineralization compared to expected intrauterine bone mineralization and the pathogenesis of osteopenia investigated. Healthy babies (103 term, 76 preterm) were examined clinically, biochemically and radiologically the day after birth and at a time corresponding to expected full term gestation. Appendicular bone density was quantitated by magnification radiogrammetry, using the humeral cortical index (CI). The CI of preterm and term babies was similar the day after birth. In preterm babies elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and high urinary hydroxyproline indicated increased bone turnover. The CI of preterm babies at expected full term gestation was lower (p = 0.0001) than that of term babies at birth, implying that postnatal bone mineralization lagged behind expected intrauterine bone mineralization. Radiologic data suggested increased endosteal resorption rather than decreased bone formation. At expected full term gestation the preterm babies had higher serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary calcium, phosphate, c-AMP and hydroxyproline (p = 0.0001) than term babies at birth, and 15% had periosteal reactions. The biochemical as well as the radiologic data therefore indicated high turnover osteopenia in preterm babies. We conclude that postnatal bone mineralization in preterm babies lagged significantly behind expected intrauterine bone mineralization and that the osteopenia observed in preterm babies is caused by increased bone resorption and not by decreased bone formation. The cause(s) of this high turnover osteopenia, however, remains to be ascertained.
Bone Density↗
The future of graduate education in nursing: scholarship, the health of communities, and health care reform.
The authors critically examine the urgent needs posed by national health care reform and the forces impinging on the nursing profession to prepare nurse practitioners to meet these needs. With references to other struggles in nursing's professional history, the authors caution against exclusive investment in the nurse practitioner role as the discipline's hope for long overdue recognition of nursing's value to society. They argue that with health care reform, nurses have the chance to make graduate nursing education more responsive to the actual health needs of the populace and more relevant for practice in communities. The actions advocated include reflecting carefully on the articulation of nurse practitioner roles with others in the discipline, taking a partisan stand with vulnerable groups, developing substantive expertise in community-based practice and research, applying an understanding of the broader environmental context of health, and committing as a discipline to practice and scholarship that really makes a difference in the health of the public.
Community Participation↗
Development of a colorimetric dosimeter for quality control of blood units and irradiators.
The development is reported of a reproducible colorimetric irradiation dosimeter that is easy to prepare as well as to interpret. Optimal chloroform, dithizone, and paraffin concentrations to produce a distinctive color change at > 1500 cGy (optimized for 3000 cGy) were determined by combining various concentrations of each component at 65 degrees C. The melted dosimetric material was poured into molds, allowed to solidify, and irradiated with doses ranging from 0 to 3000 cGy. Color change was evaluated visually and spectrophotometrically to determine reproducibility. Twenty-percent chloroform (wt/wt) and a dithizone concentration of 5.0 x 10(-5) M combined in paraffin (TP-2) produced optimal color change from pink to green after > 1500 cGy. The change was reproducible, and 50 individuals were able to distinguish between irradiated and nonirradiated dosimeters. Additionally, five of five of these individuals correctly ranked five dosimeters in order of increasing irradiation from 0 to 3000 cGy, in increments of 750 cGy. This dosimeter is easy to make and easy to read and may allow blood banks to show unit-by-unit quality assurance for irradiated blood components and quality control of the irradiator itself.
Blood Component Transfusion↗
Women survivors of childhood abuse: the impact of traumatic stress on education and work.
A disempowering after-effect of childhood abuse that is not well-researched in nursing is the inability of many women abuse survivors to perform successfully in adulthood tasks such as working, managing money, and parenting. This inability often results from lack of family support, cultural impoverishment, limited formal education, and for some, illiteracy. By default, many women survivors engage in criminal, usually dangerous forms of work. A critical/feminist interview study involved 20 urban low income abuse survivors, who were mostly women of color. Participants were recovering cocaine misusers who had suffered multiple forms of childhood maltreatment. This article reports on a secondary analysis of narratives given by survivors, focused on learning and work difficulties. Findings were grouped into five broad domains: (1) school as problematic, (2) lack of adult life skills, (3) problems with academic and health literacy, (4) legitimate and illicit forms of work, and (5) means of help. In vivo quotes support these themes, and policy and practice implications are discussed.
Adult↗
Lesbians and alcohol: patterns and paradoxes in medical notions and lesbians' beliefs.
There is growing awareness in the lesbian community about the prevalence of alcohol problems, and the meanings and values attached to alcohol use are currently undergoing change. Little research has focused on lesbians' life experiences and alcohol use practices, although in earlier decades a number of medical theories linked lesbianism with alcohol problems as copathologies. More recent theories from the social sciences also linked lesbianism with alcohol problems, but on the basis of sociocultural dynamics and consequent negative self-images. This article compares and contrasts medical theories about lesbians and alcohol with lesbians' own ideas about alcohol use and alcohol problems. Mutually reinforcing themes in medical views and lesbians' experiences are identified. The analysis clarifies what is at stake in the current debates about alcohol, alcohol problems and recovery experiences in the lesbian community, and offers suggestions for research, theory, and practice regarding this significant health issue.
Alcohol Drinking↗
An exploration of lesbians' images of recovery from alcohol problems.
The author's purposes in this article are to explore the images lesbians use to describe their recovery from alcohol problems and to derive from this exercise relevant implications for health care. Lesbians' experiences in recovery are particularly significant because of growing concerns about the prevalence of alcohol problems among lesbians, the vulnerability of lesbians as an aggregate, and the cultural trend away from substance use in lesbian communities. Images of recovery are the descriptions that people offer about their healing from alcohol problems. They are the frameworks by which problem drinkers interpret the meanings of their experiences and determine which aspects of their lives are most pertinent to their recovery efforts. The images persons use to represent their progress and the difficulties they encounter in recovery also provide important bases for developing relevant resources, therapeutic techniques, and social support. Excerpts from an ongoing ethnographic interview study about the recovery experiences of lesbians with alcohol problems illustrate the diversity of recovery images that are characteristic of this population.
Alcoholism↗
Influencing breastfeeding success.
Results of a study to evaluate factors that influence breastfeeding success, including teaching and nursing support, are reported. A slide-tape presentation was made to one group (experimental); the presentation plus nursing support was given to a second group (experimental); and a third group (control) received only routine hospital care. All subjects were then interviewed at 6 weeks postpartum. Of the control and first experimental groups, 50% were successful. Success increased to 80% in the second experimental group. The nursing support approach used with the second experimental group is described in detail in the latter half of the article.
Audiovisual Aids↗
Sexuality and safer sex: the issues for lesbians and bisexual women.
UNLABELLED: Nursing interventions to help women reduce their risk of contracting HIV must be designed from an in-depth understanding of the complex sociocultural patterns of sexuality in particular communities and among specific subgroups. OBJECTIVE: In this data collection phase of a community-based HIV prevention project, the objective was to understand HIV risk-taking and HIV risk-reduction activities of lesbians and bisexual women. DESIGN: Qualitative field study. SETTING: Data were collected in women's bars and dance clubs and at selected lesbian/bisexual community events in San Francisco. PARTICIPANTS: Interviews were conducted with 1,189 racially diverse, socially and sexually active lesbians and bisexual women. RESULTS: Inductive content analysis produced two themes: realities of sexual behavior and sexual expressions and their meanings. Realities of sexual behavior included an assumption that women who have sex with other women cannot get HIV, a lack of familiarity with HIV prevention strategies, inconsistent practice of safer sex with men and/or women, and the negative effect of alcohol or drug use on safer sex efforts. Sexual expressions and their meaning included trust in monogamy, a sense that safer sex practices detracted from intimacy and eroticism, the difficulty of negotiating sexual behaviors with men or women, and dealing with partner resistance to safer sex practices. CONCLUSIONS: Specific recommendations for practice are the need for nurses to understand the range and diversity of women's sexual behaviors, to develop skills in conducting inclusive sexual histories, and to develop a comprehensive approach to sexual health.
Adult↗
An ELISA test to detect IgG antibody production by rabbit ocular cells.
An ELISA method has been used to document antibody production by the ocular and lymph node cells of rabbits immunized intravitreally with ovalbumin. Simultaneous plaque assays were performed on many of the tissues. We found plaque forming cells in the ocular tissues by day 7. IgG producing cells, as detected by the ELISA assay, were not detected until day 10. Both IgG and IgM producing cells were present in the corneal and uveal tract suspensions throughout the remainder of the observation period. Lymph node and spleen IgG production was usually only detected early in the antibody response.
Animals↗
Writing a good read: strategies for representing qualitative data.
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Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
A nursing view of the United States-Iraq war: psychosocial health consequences.
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Humans↗
The nursing shortage in the context of national health care.
The notion of a "nursing shortage" implies that all nurses are interchangeable and is another indication that nurses are labelled "professional" without enjoying the benefits of that status. Nurses can reassert their professional status by becoming the architects of a radically new health care structure that guarantees health care for all.
Health Priorities↗
Lesbians recovering from alcohol problems: an ethnographic study of health care experiences.
The findings of this ethnographic study of 35 San Francisco lesbians in long-term alcohol recovery describe their identification of alcohol problems, help-seeking experiences, and barriers to recovery in health care interactions. Multiple addictions and "core difficulties," such as childhood trauma, were common yet poorly addressed by health care providers. Lesbian clients mistrusted culturally ignorant providers who often inappropriately reversed therapeutic roles. Provider-client conceptual incongruence about alcohol problems often impeded recovery, while providers' persuasive styles (paternalistic, maternalistic, confrontational, and influential) were pivotal to recovery. The confrontational approach caused the most problems. It could precipitate crises, be interpreted by the women as social ostracism, and retraumatize those who had histories of childhood trauma. Consensus favored the influential style, characterized by flexibility, negotiation, support, and avoidance of ultimatums. Conclusions challenge the assumptions that alcoholics are manipulative, "in denial," and require coercion to attain and maintain recovery.
Adult↗