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Biomedical subjects

J M Duclos

Publications and source records attributed to J M Duclos.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Timing of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefotaxime for prostatic resection: better in the operative period or at urethral catheter removal?

There are two critical moments for the development of severe infectious complications following transurethral prostatectomy (TURP): the operative and immediate postoperative periods, and the day that the postoperative drainage catheter is removed. To optimize the timing of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefotaxime, two prospective randomized studies were conducted in patients with preoperatively sterile urine. In Study 1, all patients (n = 50) received cefotaxime 1 g intramuscular (i.m.) 1 hour preoperatively and were then randomized to receive either a second identical dose of cefotaxime 1 hour before catheter removal 24 hours later, or no further antibiotic treatment. In Study 2, patients (n = 89) were randomized to receive either cefotaxime 1 g i.m. 1 hour preoperatively or no preoperative antibiotic, after which all received cefotaxime 1 g i.m. 1 hour before catheter removal. Results were compared using identical evaluation criteria for infection in both studies: incidence of fever (temperature > 38 degrees C), bacteriuria (10(5) organisms/mL) and positive blood cultures, and duration of hospital stay (days). In Study 1, infection was significantly reduced with respect to all parameters in the group receiving two doses of cefotaxime, and total drug treatment costs were halved. In Study 2, the groups did not differ with respect to any parameter. We conclude that a single dose of cefotaxime 1 g i.m. 1 hour preoperatively provides inadequate cover for urethral catheter removal 24 hours later, and that prophylaxis with a single dose of cefotaxime 1 g i.m. 1 hour before catheter removal is just as effective as two doses given 1 hour preoperatively and 1 hour before catheter removal. Prophylactic coverage is essential during the action of removing the catheter and the time immediately following the operation. Long-term antibiotic coverage (24 hours or more) is not necessary. Thus, following TURP in patients with preoperatively sterile urine undergoing continuous bladder irrigation for 24 hours postoperatively, the optimal dose schedule for antibiotic prophylaxis with cefotaxime is a single 1-g dose given i.m. 1 hour before catheter removal.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on enzymatic activity in human adrenocortical cells. Interactions with ACTH.

Cells obtained from 6 adult human adrenals or adrenal fragments were cultured in serum-free synthetic medium (McCoy's) in order to study the isolated effects of IGF-I on steroidogenesis and its interactions with ACTH. After addition of peptide, changes in the activities of steroidogenic enzymes were assessed by measuring certain steroids in the spent medium. These included pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OH-Preg), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-P), androstenedione (AD), 11-deoxycortisol and glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol and its immediate precursors, 11-deoxycortisol and 17-OH-P) and cortisol itself. The steroid responses obtained with repeated doses of IGF-I (40 ng/ml approximately 10(-9) M), added at 0, 48 and 72 h, over 4 days' culture were quite different from those obtained with repeated doses of ACTH (0.25 ng/ml approximately 10(-10) M). All the steroids measured increased with time of culture under the influence of ACTH and, apart from pregnenolone which peaked, tended to reach a plateau. With IGF-I, by contrast, DHA, AD, 11-deoxycortisol and glucocorticoid production increased initially, then decreased progressively, whereas pregnenolone, 17-OH-Preg and 17-OH-P production was either absent or negative. Cumulative steroid production over 4 days reached similar levels in response to a single dose of IGF-I and/or ACTH, with two major exceptions: pregnenolone dropped significantly with IGF-I [46% +/- 6 (SEM) as opposed to 93% +/- 11 with ACTH, P less than 0.005, n = 5], as did 17-OH-P (48% +/- 11 vs 113% +/- 8 with ACTH, P less than 0.001, n = 6). Increased formation of down-stream metabolites (DHA, AD, 11-deoxycortisol and glucocorticoids) would suggest that IGF-I induced stimulation of the 17 alpha-, 21- and 11 beta-hydroxylases. The responses to ACTH stimulation of cells which 4 days previously had been pre-treated with an initial and single dose of IGF-I and/or ACTH emphasized the impact of IGF-I on the 3-hydroxylation steps in cortisol biosynthesis. Compared with ACTH pre-treatment, the effects of which faded in the long term, pre-treatment with IGF-I resulted in a significantly increased steroidogenic response (P between less than 0.05 and less than 0.01). With the single exception of pregnenolone (43% +/- 4.7), production of all the metabolites was amplified: 17-OH-Preg: 348% +/- 88; DHA: 643% +/- 127; 17-OH-P: 193% +/- 36; AD: 725% +/- 200; 11-deoxycortisol: 573% +/- 110; cortisol: 1000%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1991

[Should adrenalectomy be performed systematically as part of radical nephrectomy for renal cancer? Review of 119 cases].

Systematic histological examination of 119 operative specimens of radical nephrectomies performed for renal cell carcinoma revealed adrenal invasion in 6 cases (5.04%). Preoperative computed tomography visualised the adrenal lesions with a sensitivity of 100%. Adrenal involvement was due to either contiguous invasion (3 cases) or metastatic spread (3 cases). Other visceral or lymph node metastases were detected in every case. The mean survival of patients with an adrenal lesion was 16.5 months. These data and those reported in the literature suggest the value of systematic adrenalectomy as part of radical nephrectomy.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1989

[Prompt antibiotic prophylaxis in resection of the prostate and removal of the bladder catheter].

Several regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis have been used in transurethral prostatic resection. In this study 50 patients received 1 g of cefotaxime during resection and thereafter were divided at random into two groups: one group received another 1 g dose of cefotaxime when the bladder catheter was removed, while the other group was left untreated at that stage. The administration of cefotaxime during both prostatic resection and catheter removal resulted in a highly significant reduction of infection risk, duration of hospitalisation and cost of antibacterial treatment. The most important risk of sepsis seems to be related to an apparently innocuous procedure: removal of the bladder catheter with resumption of spontaneous micturition.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

In vitro studies in primary aldosteronism: baseline steroid production and aldosterone responses to ACTH and angiotensin II.

The spontaneous glucocorticoid production in control adrenal cells (N = 10) and in the adenoma cells (N = 15) exhibited comparable geometric mean values: 1.896 nmol/ml/4-5 x 10(5) cells per 2 h (confidence limits: 0.428-8.391) and 1.852 nmol/ml (0.326-12.241), respectively. The same results were obtained for the three samples of nodular hyperplasia cells. When cortisol and corticosterone were measured separately, there was no significant difference between the outputs for control cells and those for pathological cells. Baseline aldosterone production in control cells showed a geometric mean of 2.525 pmol/ml (0.236-27.192). In the 15 adenomas, spontaneous production was extremely important: 57.297 pmol/ml (3.357-976.692). The difference was highly significant (P less than 0.0005). Aldosterone levels in the 3 samples of nodular hyperplasia cells were not different from the control values. In 9 out of the 15 adenomas, aldosterone responses to 10(-10) mol/l ACTH, expressed as stimulated/basal production, were above normal: 3.58 +/- 0.86 (SEM) against 1.48 +/- 0.08 (P less than 0.025). In the remaining 6 and in the 3 samples of nodular hyperplasia cells, there was a slight or no response. Angiotensin II (AII) stimulated both adenoma and nodular hyperplasia cells to varying degrees, without any obvious difference between these two categories. A combination of ACTH (10(-12) mol/l) and AII (10(-12) mol/l) had a synergistic action on aldosterone production in cells classed in the adenoma group. These findings demonstrate that despite the abnormal rate of aldosterone formation in adenoma cells, the production rate of corticosterone and cortisol remains normal. They unmask two functional categories with regard to ACTH in the adenoma group. Finally, they underline the relative insensitivity of nodular hyperplasia cells to ACTH.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1987

[Detection, diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma. 77 cases in a population of 21,420 hypertensive patients].

Phaeochromocytoma was diagnosed in 77 (0.36%) of 21,420 hypertensive patients examined in the hypertension units of the Broussais and Saint-Joseph hospitals, Paris, between 1976 and 1986. Our diagnostic strategy is to reserve biochemical examinations to cases with suspected phaeochromocytoma and to explore only those patients who have positive laboratory results. Patients suspected of harbouring a phaeochromocytoma are those who complain of headaches, palpitations and sweating (these 3 symptoms together having a 90.9% sensitivity and a 99.9% exclusion value), those who have a family history of phaeochromocytoma or who present with medullary thyroid carcinoma or phakomatosis, or those who do not respond to anti-hypertensive treatments. Altogether, these patients account for less than 10% of all cases of hypertension. The most sensitive test in this group is measurement of urinary metanephrines. Among 30 patients with phaeochromocytoma in whom urinary metanephrines and plasma noradrenaline were measured on the same day, none had urinary metanephrine values lower than 3.69 mumol/24 h (0.7 mg/24 h) while 6, who had normal blood pressure at the time of sampling, had noradrenaline levels below 3.53 nmol/l (600 pg/ml). Prior to surgery, the tumour was correctly located by urography (69% of 58 n = tumours), ultrasounds (74%, n = 38), arteriography (83%, n = 23), radioisotope scanning (91%, n = 32), computed tomography (95%, n = 40) and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (12/12). In 28 patients who had both radioisotope scanning and computed tomography the sensitivities of these examinations were 90% and 100% respectively. A stage by stage approach to the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma, using detection criteria followed by biochemistry then location methods, is an economical strategy with the best yield from diagnostic and imaging techniques.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

[Measurement of platelet catecholamine content for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma with intermittent hypertension].

We have compared platelet and plasma catecholamines (radioenzymatic assay with catechol-O-methyl transferase) and urinary metanephrines (high performance liquid chromatography) in 16 patients with phaeochromocytoma, 12 essential hypertensives, and 15 normotensive volunteers. Hypertensive patients with or without phaeochromocytoma had labile or paroxysmal hypertension with normal or borderline blood pressures between paroxysms. Catecholamine concentrations in platelets and plasma did not differ in essential hypertensives and controls, but were higher in patients with phaeochromocytoma than in subjects without tumour, with values overlapping between groups. Metanephrine excretion was markedly higher in phaeochromocytoma than in essential hypertension, with no intergroup overlap. Platelet adrenaline plus noradrenaline content was highly correlated to urinary metanephrines (r' = 0.830, n = 28 p less than 0.01). Using as a cut-off point the highest values measured in essential hypertensives, the sensitivity of each measurement was 1.00 for metanephrines, 0.87 for platelet catecholamines and 0.50 or less for plasma catecholamines. Measurement of platelet catecholamine content is a sensitive test and an appropriate alternative to metanephrine measurement in the difficult cases of suspected phaeochromocytoma with intermittent hypertension.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

[Results of the surgical treatment of Conn's adenomas].

During the last 10 years we operated on 69 Conn's adenomas of which 59 were followed up for a mean period of 16 months (range: 3-96 months). Surgery cured the hypertension (blood pressure less than 140/90) in 47 p. 100 of the patients. Improved blood pressure (systolic: mean = 46 mmHg; range 0-135 mmHg and diastolic: mean = 25 mmHg; range 0-66 mmHg) was noted in another 47 p. 100 of patients whereas no blood pressure change was noted in 3 patients. Biological primary aldosteronism was found post-operatively in 2 of these 3 patients and also in one whose hypertension was improved. In this last patient plus the three unimproved by surgery, small tumours (less than 10 mm) were found and co-existnt multifocal hyperplasia was found in the 2 patients who had had an adrenalectomy. Fifty-one patients were treated pre-operatively by spironolactone (SP) alone (3.2 +/- 1.3 mg/kg) for a mean period of 6.8 weeks (range: 3 to 20 weeks). Only 2 of the 24 patients controlled by SP were not cured by surgery and one of them had persistnt primary aldosteronism. Conversely, 3 of the 27 uncontrolled by SP were cured post-operatively, and these exceptions could be due to the weak dose of SP (n = 2) and an observance problem (n = 1). Patients cured by surgery had shorter duration of hypertension (4.3 +/- 3.0 years vs 10.1 +/- 8.1; p less than 0.01) and lower diastolic pressure (111 +/- 14 mmHg vs 121 +/- 12; p less than 0.01) than uncured patients. No significant difference between these two groups was observed with respect to systolic pressure, age, sex, plasma potassium, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenoma↗
PubMed1986

[Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic tumors in men. Preliminary results in a series of 28 patients].

The authors conducted a retrospective evaluation of the diagnostic value of nuclear magnetic resonance in comparison with other imaging techniques in a series of 28 pelvic tumours, with the exclusion of gastrointestinal tumours. The positive diagnosis of the lesion was obtained in every case. The variation of the signal provided information concerning the tissues, while the sections in three planes, the spontaneous visibility of the vessels and the very good natural contrast related to the presence of fat which gives a high signal, facilitated staging of the tumour.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1986

[Exploration and retro- and subhepatic approach to the inferior vena cava].

Invasion of the inferior vena cava is the only major difficulty encountered in radical nephrectomy for cancer. This invasion can now be easily detected by non-invasive methods and, when present, requires modification of the surgical approach. The authors present several techniques for transforming the median incision depending on the individual circumstances.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

[Eosinophilic cystitis of allergic origin].

Eosinophilic cystitis, of which 35 cases have been published, is a recurrent cystitis remarkable for its chronicity and for the importance of haematuria; the urine is usually sterile and blood eosinophilia frequently present; at histology, infiltration of the vesical wall by eosinophils is pathognomonic. In view of the irregular results of cortico-steroid treatment, a search for causative factors is required. Parasitic infestation has been suspected but never actually proven, and an allergic origin probably is frequently missed. We report two cases of eosinophilic cystitis where allergy to penicillin and clometacin respectively could be demonstrated for the first time and in which the condition subsided after withdrawal of these drugs.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1981

Biochemical tests for diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma: urinary versus plasma determinations.

Fifteen patients with hypertension due to phaeochromocytoma and 35 controls with essential hypertension were studied to assess the diagnostic value of urinary and plasma biochemical determinations in phaeochromocytoma. In every case of phaeochromocytoma the urinary concentration of vanillylmandelate, metanephrines, or adrenaline plus noradrenaline was diagnostic of the disease irrespective of whether the patient was normotensive or hypertensive at the time. Plasma determinations of adrenaline and noradrenaline, however, gave falsely negative results on three occasions. These findings suggest that urinary biochemical determinations--particularly of metanephrines--are more reliable than plasma catecholamine measurements as a test for phaeochromocytoma. The test is particularly useful in patients with intermittent hypertension.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗