Biomedical subjects

J Lu

Publications and source records attributed to J Lu.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Effect of temperature on viscosity properties of some alpha-amino acids in aqueous urea solutions.

Viscosities for solutions of glycine, DL-alpha-alanine, DL-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid, DL-valine, DL-leucine and L-serine in 5 mol kg(-1) aqueous urea have been determined at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15 and 308.15 K. The viscosity B-coefficients for the amino acids in the aqueous urea solution have been calculated at different temperatures. The effect of temperature on the B-coefficients is discussed on the basis of the Feakins equation. The contribution of solute to the activation parameters (delta mu0*2, deltaH0*2, deltaS0*2) for viscous flow of the solution have been calculated, together with the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of transfer for the amino acids from the ground-state solvent to the hypothetical viscous transition state solvent. The contributions of the charged end group (NH3+, COO-) and CH2 groups of the amino acids to B-coefficient and delta mu0*2 have been also estimated using the linear correlations between B-coefficient or delta mu0*2 and the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains of the amino acids. All the activation parameters are discussed in terms of the solute-solvent interactions in the ground and transition states.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2000

Cloning and expression of genes encoding meta-cleavage enzymes from 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene-degrading Sphingomonas strain TZS-7.

Sphingomonas strain TZS-7 was reported as the first strain to have the ability to degrade 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-dmDBT) by the ring-destructive pathway. Two genes for meta-cleavage dioxygenases were cloned from strain TZS-7. Expression of each gene showed that one enzyme was specific for 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl while another was more specific for catechol. The genes for the two enzymes were named dmdC and catA. The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences indicates that CatA falls into the class of meta-cleavage dioxygenases acting on dihydroxylated monocyclic compounds and DmdC falls into the class of meta-cleavage dioxygenases acting on dihydroxylated polycyclic compounds.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Bismuth-coated carbon electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetry

Bismuth-coated carbon electrodes display an attractive stripping voltammetric performance which compares favorably with that of common mercury-film electrodes. These bismuth-film electrodes are prepared by adding 400 microg/L (ppb) bismuth(III) directly to the sample solution and simultanously depositing the bismuth and target metals on the glassy-carbon or carbon-fiber substrate. Stripping voltammetric measurements of microgram per liter levels of cadmium, lead, thallium, and zinc in nondeaerated solutions yielded well-defined peaks, along with a low background, following short deposition periods. Detection limit of 1.1 and 0.3 ppb lead are obtained following 2- and 10-min deposition, respectively. Changes in the peak potentials (compared to those observed at mercury electrodes) offer new selectivity dimensions. Scanning electron microscopy sheds useful insights into the different morphologies of the bismuth deposits on the carbon substrates. The in situ bismuth-plated electrodes exhibit a wide accessible potential window (-1.2 to -0.2 V) that permits quantitation of most metals measured at mercury electrodes (except of copper, antimony, and bismuth itself). Numerous key experimental variables have been characterized and optimized. High reproducibility was indicated from the relative standard deviations (2.4 and 4.4%) for 22 repetitive measurements of 80 microg/L cadmium and lead, respectively. Such an attractive use of "mercury-free", environmetally friendly electrodes (with a performance equivalent to that of mercury ones) offers great promise to centralized and decentralized testing of trace metals.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Advances in secondary spinal cord injury: role of apoptosis.

The outcome of spinal cord injury depends on the extent of secondary damage produced by a series of cellular and molecular events initiated by the primary trauma. This article reviews the evidence that secondary spinal cord injury involves the apoptotic as well as necrotic death of neurons and glial cells. Also discussed are the major factors that can contribute to cell death, such as glutamatergic excitotoxicity, free radical damage, cytokines, and inflammation. The development of innovative therapeutic strategies to reduce secondary spinal cord injury depends on an increased understanding of secondary injury mechanisms at the molecular and biochemical level. Such therapeutic interventions may include the use of antiapoptotic drugs, free radical scavengers, and anti-inflammatory agents. These could be targeted to block key reactions on cellular and molecular injury cascades, thus reducing secondary tissue damage, minimizing side effects, and improving functional recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Binding of retinol induces changes in rat cellular retinol-binding protein II conformation and backbone dynamics.

The structure and backbone dynamics of rat holo cellular retinol-binding protein II (holo-CRBP II) in solution has been determined by multidimensional NMR. The final structure ensemble was based on 3980 distance and 30 dihedral angle restraints, and was calculated using metric matrix distance geometry with pairwise Gaussian metrization followed by simulated annealing. The average RMS deviation of the backbone atoms for the final 25 structures relative to their mean coordinates is 0.85(+/-0.09) A. Comparison of the solution structure of holo-CRBP II with apo-CRBP II indicates that the protein undergoes conformational changes not previously observed in crystalline CRBP II, affecting residues 28-35 of the helix-turn-helix, residues 37-38 of the subsequent linker, as well as the beta-hairpin C-D, E-F and G-H loops. The bound retinol is completely buried inside the binding cavity and oriented as in the crystal structure. The order parameters derived from the (15)N T(1), T(2) and steady-state NOE parameters show that the backbone dynamics of holo-CRBP II is restricted throughout the polypeptide. The T(2) derived apparent backbone exchange rate and amide (1)H exchange rate both indicate that the microsecond to second timescale conformational exchange occurring in the portal region of the apo form has been suppressed in the holo form.

Amides↗

PubMed2000

Vulnerability of the sympathetic trunk during the anterior approach to the lower cervical spine.

STUDY DESIGN: Anatomic dissection and measurements of the cervical sympathetic trunk relative to the medial border of the longus colli muscle and lateral angulation of the sympathetic trunk relative to the midline on both sides were performed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the course and location of the sympathetic trunk quantitatively and relate this to the vulnerability of the sympathetic trunk during the anterior approach to the lower cervical spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The sympathetic trunk is sometimes damaged during the anterior approach to lower cervical spine, resulting in Horner's syndrome with its associated ptosis, meiosis, and anhydrosis. No quantitative regional anatomy describing the course and location of the sympathetic trunk and its relation to the longus colli muscle is available in the literature. METHODS: In this study, 28 adult cadavers were used for dissection and measurements of the sympathetic trunk. The distance between the sympathetic trunk and the medial borders of the longus colli muscle at C6 and the angle of the sympathetic trunk with respect to the midline were determined bilaterally. The distance between the medial borders of the longus colli muscle from C3 to C6 and the angle between the medial borders of the longus colli muscle also were measured. RESULTS: The sympathetic trunk runs in a superior and lateral direction, with an average angle of 10.4 +/- 3.8 degrees relative to the midline. The average distance between the sympathetic trunk and the medial border of the longus colli muscle is 10.6 +/- 2.6 mm. The average diameter of the sympathetic trunk at C6 is 2.7 +/- 0.6 mm. The length and width of the middle cervical ganglion were 9.7 +/- 2.1 mm and 5.2 +/- 1.3 mm, respectively. The distance between the medial borders of the longus colli muscle was 7.9 +/- 2.2 mm at C3, 10.1 +/- 3.1 mm at C4, 12.3 +/- 3.1 mm at C5, and 13.8 +/- 2.2 mm at C6, and the angle between the medial borders of the longus colli muscle was 12.5 +/- 4. 7 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The sympathetic trunk may be more vulnerable to damage during anterior lower cervical spine procedures because it is situated closer to the medial border of the the longus colli muscle at C6 than at C3. The longus colli muscles diverge laterally, whereas the sympathetic trunks converge medially at C6. As the transverse foramen or uncovertebral joint is exposed with dissection or transverse severance of the longus colli muscle at the lower cervical levels, the sympathetic trunk should be identified and protected.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Predicting long-term survival, and the need for hormonal therapy: a meta-analysis of RTOG prostate cancer trials.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of short-term and long-term androgen suppression on the disease-specific and overall survival of 2200 men treated with radiotherapy on one of 5 prospective randomized trials when stratified by prognostic risk groups. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1975 and 1992, 2742 men were treated for clinically localized prostate cancer on one of 5 consecutive prospective Phase III randomized trials. Patients were selected for this analysis if they were deemed evaluable and eligible for the trial, and if follow-up information was available. For this analysis patients were stratified into four previously described prognostic risk groups: Group 1 patients had a Gleason score (GS) = 2-6, and T1-2Nx; Group 2: GS = 2-6, T3Nx; or GS = 2-6, N+, or GS = 7, T1-2Nx; Group 3: T3Nx, GS = 7; or N+, GS = 7, or T1-2Nx, GS = 8-10; and Group 4 patients were T3Nx, GS = 8-10, or N+, GS = 8-10. The median pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 25 ng/ml for the 434 evaluable patients for whom this information was available. The median follow-up times for patients treated on early studies exceeded 11 years, and for more recent studies 6 years. RESULTS: Risk group 2 patients with "bulky" or T3 disease appeared to have a disease-specific survival benefit at 8 years with the addition of 4 months of goserelin and flutamide. Group 3 and 4 patients were noted to have an approximately 20% higher survival at 8 years with the addition of long-term hormonal therapy (p < or =0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Based on this meta-analysis of RTOG trials, subsets of patients can be identified who either do not appear to benefit from the use of hormonal therapy, benefit from short-term hormonal therapy, or who benefit only from long-term hormonal therapy. These observations should be confirmed by prospective randomized trials before they can be considered conclusive. In the meantime, however, these observations provide rational guidelines for deciding who should receive hormonal therapy and for how long.

Androgen Antagonists↗

PubMed2000

Four prognostic groups predict long-term survival from prostate cancer following radiotherapy alone on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group clinical trials.

PURPOSE: Gleason score (GS), T stage, and pathologic lymph node status have been described as major independent predictors of death due to prostate cancer in men treated with external beam radiotherapy (XRT). In this analysis we combine these three factors to define prognostic subgroups that correlate with disease-specific survival (DSS) death from prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Men entered on one of four Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Phase III randomized trials between 1975 and 1992, for clinically localized prostate cancer (CAP) (n = 1557), were selected for this analysis. Patients were included if: 1) they were evaluable, and eligible for the trial; 2) they received no hormonal therapy with their initial treatment; and 3) follow-up was available. For this study a DSS event was declared if: 1) death was certified as due to CAP; 2) death was due to complications of treatment; or 3) death was from unknown causes with active malignancy. The median follow-up for patients treated on early and late RTOG studies exceeded 11 and 6 years respectively. Subgroups were identified based on their pretreatment GS, T-stage, and lymph node such that patients with similar risk of dying from prostate cancer were combined. RESULTS: By combining patients with similar DSS, four subgroups were identified. Risk Group 1 patients had a GS = 2-6, and T1-2Nx; Group 2: GS = 2-6, T3Nx; or GS = 2-6, N+, or GS = 7, T1-2Nx; Group 3: T3Nx, GS = 7; or N+, GS = 7, or T1-2Nx, GS = 8-10; and Group 4 patients were T3Nx, GS = 8-10, or N+, GS = 8-10. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year DSS was 96%, 86%, and 72%; 94%, 75%, and 61%; 83%, 62%, and 39%; and 64%, 34%, and 27% for Groups 1 through 4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of these four risk groups provides a basis for estimating the long-term DSS for men treated with XRT alone and should facilitate the design of future prospective randomized trials.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Lab-on-a-Cable for electrochemical monitoring of phenolic contaminants.

The "Lab-on-a-Cable" concept, based on scaling down an electrochemical flow system to a cable platform, is described. The system integrates the analyte collection and the sample handling, with the electrochemical detection of the reaction product in a sealed cylindrical unit, connected to a long shielded cable. An enzymatic assay, involving collection of a phenolic substrate, its mixing with an internally delivered tyrosinase solution, and amperometric detection of the liberated quinone product, is used for illustrating the operation of the flow probe and demonstrating its advantages over remote phenol sensors. The internal buffer solution ensures independence of sample conditions such as pH, ionic strength, or natural conditions, that commonly influences the performance of remote sensors. The "built-in" flow pulsation of the integrated micropump is exploited for a sensitive hydrodynamic-modulation voltammetric detection of hydrazine and peroxide pollutants.

Electrochemistry↗

PubMed2000

Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and regulation of murine collagen-induced arthritis.

We have examined the expression and function of the angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during the evolution of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Biologically active VEGF was expressed along a time course that paralleled the expression of two specific VEGF receptors, Flk-1 and Flt-1, and the progression of joint disease. Moreover, levels of VEGF expression correlated with the degree of neovascularization, as defined by vWF levels, and arthritis severity. Macrophage- and fibroblast-like cells, which infiltrated inflamed sites and were then activated by other inflammatory mediators, are probably important sources of VEGF and may thus regulate angiogenesis during the development of CIA. Administration of anti-VEGF antiserum to CIA mice before the onset of arthritis delayed the onset, reduced the severity, and diminished the vWF content of arthritic joints. By contrast, administration of anti-VEGF antiserum after the onset of the disease had no effect on the progression or ultimate severity of the arthritis. These data suggest that VEGF plays a crucial role during an early stage of arthritis development, affecting both neovascularization and the progression of experimentally induced synovitis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effect of lesions of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus on NREM and REM sleep.

Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) in rats show c-fos activation after sleep and provide GABAergic innervation of the major monoamine arousal systems, suggesting that they may be a necessary part of the brain circuitry that produces sleep. We examined the effects on sleep behavior in rats of cell-specific damage to the VLPO by microinjection of ibotenic acid. Severe lesions of the central cell cluster of the VLPO ( approximately 80-90% cell loss bilaterally) caused a 60-70% decrease in delta power and a 50-60% decrease in nonrapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep time (p < 0.001). The number of remaining Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the VLPO cell cluster was linearly related to NREM sleep time (r = 0.77; p < 0.001) and total electroencephalogram delta power (r = 0. 79; p < 0.001) but not to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep (r = 0.35; p > 0.10). Lesions in the region containing scattered VLPO neurons medial or dorsal to the cell cluster caused smaller changes in NREM sleep time (24.5 or 15%, respectively) but were more closely associated with loss of REM sleep (r = 0.74; p < 0.01). The insomnia caused by bilateral VLPO lesions persisted for at least 3 weeks. Lesions of the VLPO caused no change in mean body temperature or its circadian variation; after small lesions of the ventromedial preoptic nucleus, body temperature showed normal circadian variation but a wider temperature range, and sleep behavior was not affected. These experiments delineate distinct preoptic sites with primary effects on the regulation of NREM sleep, REM sleep, and body temperature.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Protein kinase C-beta and oxygen deprivation. A novel Egr-1-dependent pathway for fibrin deposition in hypoxemic vasculature.

Fibrin deposition is a salient feature of hypoxemic vasculature and results from induction of tissue factor. Such tissue factor expression in an oxygen deficient environment is driven by the transcription factor Early Growth Response (Egr)-1. Using homozygous null mice for the protein kinase C beta-isoform gene (PKCbeta null), PKCbeta is shown to be upstream of Egr-1 in this oxygen deprivation-mediated pathway for triggering procoagulant events. Whereas wild-type mice exposed to hypoxia (6%) displayed a robust increase in tissue factor transcripts and antigen, and vascular fibrin deposition, PKCbeta null animals showed a markedly blunted response. Consistent with a central role for Egr-1 in hypoxia-induced expression of tissue factor, PKCbeta null mice subjected to oxygen deprivation displayed at most a minor elevation in Egr-1 transcripts, antigen, and intensity of the gel shift band by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, compared with normoxic animals. These data firmly establish PKCbeta as a trigger for events leading to induction of Egr-1 and tissue factor under hypoxic conditions, and provide insight into a biologic cascade whereby oxygen deprivation recruits targets of PKCbeta and Egr-1, thereby amplifying the cellular response.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Signal-dependent activation of the MEF2 transcription factor by dissociation from histone deacetylases.

Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) transcription factors control muscle-specific and growth factor-inducible genes. We show that hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes in response to phenylephrine and serum is accompanied by activation of MEF2 through a posttranslational mechanism mediated by calcium, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. CaMK stimulates MEF2 activity by dissociating class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) from the DNA-binding domain. MAPKs, which activate MEF2 by phosphorylation of the transcription activation domain, maximally stimulate MEF2 activity only when repression by HDACs is relieved by CaMK signaling to the DNA-binding domain. These findings identify MEF2 as an endpoint for hypertrophic stimuli in cardiomyocytes and demonstrate that MEF2 mediates synergistic transcriptional responses to the CaMK and MAPK signaling pathways by signal-dependent dissociation from HDACs.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Identification of regions in the Moloney murine leukemia virus SU protein that tolerate the insertion of an integrin-binding peptide.

Targeting of retroviral vectors to specific cells has been attempted through engineering of the surface (SU) protein of the murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs), but in many cases this has adversely affected protein function and targeted delivery has been difficult to achieve. In this study, we have inserted a 15-mer peptide that binds specifically to the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin into the Moloney MuLV SU protein, including regions that are surface exposed in the crystal structure of the ecotropic receptor-binding domain. We have concentrated in particular on the variable regions VRA, VRB, and VRC, which are responsible for the use of distinct cellular receptors by different MuLV subtypes and therefore may be more likely to accommodate a heterologous binding moiety. Despite these considerations, only 8 of 26 insertion sites were tolerated, including two separate regions in VRA, a cluster of sites in VRC, and previously identified sites at the N-terminus of the protein and in the proline-rich region immediately downstream of the receptor-binding domain. When expressed on retroviral vector particles, all of the viable proteins retained the ability to bind to and transduce murine cells, although the VRC mutants and an insertion in VRA gave reduced binding and titer. Finally, although all of the viable chimeras could bind to alpha(v)beta(3) in a solid-phase binding assay, we were unable to demonstrate expanded tropism for alpha(v)beta(3)-expressing human cells. This study highlights the difficulty of engineering the Moloney MuLV SU protein, even when structural information is available, and provides guidelines for the insertion of peptide ligands into the SU protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Orally administrated cerium chloride induces the conformational changes of rat hemoglobin, the hydrolysis of 2,3-DPG and the oxidation of heme-Fe(II), leading to changes of oxygen affinity.

The structure and oxygen affinity of hemoglobin from erythrocytes of CeCl(3) fed Wistar rats in the dose range of 0.2-20.0 mg/kg body weight/day were investigated by means of various spectroscopic methods. The changes in oxygen saturation curves of hemoglobin are dependent upon both feeding dose and feeding time. After 40 days feeding with 20 mg CeCl(3)/kg body weight/day, the curve changed to a double sigmoid shape and the oxygen affinity in low oxygen pressure increases. It regained the sigmoid form after 80 days feeding, but the degree of oxygen saturation in higher oxygen pressure became higher than that in the control. These results indicate that CeCl(3) can increase the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin of rat erythrocytes. This effect is further demonstrated by the analysis of Mössbauer spectra of erythrocytes. Increase of hemoglobin content in erythrocytes was found in rats fed with CeCl(3). It might be the offset response to the poor oxygen-releasing capability of the hemoglobin. CD and FT-IR deconvoluted spectra indicate that secondary structures of hemoglobin have remarkable changes, characterized by a gradual decrease of alpha-helix content, in a dose- and feeding time-dependent fashion. Meanwhile, the 31P NMR spectra demonstrate that the level of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) in erythrocytes, an allosteric regulator of oxygen release from hemoglobin, decreases due to its hydrolysis. In addition, the Mössbauer and ESR spectra show clearly that a fraction of the heme-iron changes from Fe (II) to Fe (III) in CeCl(3) fed rats. The results indicate that the oral administration of CeCl(3) leads to a microenvironment changes of heme in intracellular hemoglobin. Oxygen affinity changes might be attributed to a series of events triggered by the binding of Ce (III) to hemoglobin and 2,3-DPG, including conformational changes of hemoglobin and 2,3-DPG hydrolysis, respectively and also the partial transformation from heme-Fe (II) to heme-Fe (III).

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗

PubMed2000

Recombinant human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase inhibits airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mouse asthma model.

Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies in both animal models and human asthmatics have implicated platelet-activating factor (PAF) as an important inflammatory mediator in asthma. In a murine asthma model, we examined the anti-inflammatory activities of recombinant human PAF-acetylhydrolase (rPAF-AH), which converts PAF to biologically inactive lyso-PAF. In this model, mice sensitized to OVA by i.p. and intranasal (i.n.) routes are challenged with the allergen by i.n. administration. The OVA challenge elicits an eosinophil infiltration into the lungs with widespread mucus occlusion of the airways and results in bronchial hyperreactivity. The administration of rPAF-AH had a marked effect on late-phase pulmonary inflammation, which included a significant reduction in airway eosinophil infiltration, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperreactivity in response to methacholine challenge. These studies demonstrate that elevating plasma levels of PAF-AH through the administration of rPAF-AH is effective in blocking the late-phase pulmonary inflammation that occurs in this murine allergen-challenge asthma model. These results suggest that rPAF-AH may have therapeutic effects in patients with allergic airway inflammation.

1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase↗

PubMed2000

beta-catenin in epithelial morphogenesis: conversion of part of avian foot scales into feather buds with a mutated beta-catenin.

We explored the role of beta-catenin in chicken skin morphogenesis. Initially beta-catenin mRNA was expressed at homogeneous levels in the epithelia over a skin appendage tract field which became transformed into a periodic pattern corresponding to individual primordia. The importance of periodic patterning was shown in scaleless mutants, in which beta-catenin was initially expressed normally, but failed to make a punctuated pattern. To test beta-catenin function, a truncated armadillo fragment was expressed in developing chicken skin from the RCAS retrovirus. This produced a variety of phenotypic changes during epithelial appendage morphogenesis. In apteric and scale-producing regions, new feather buds with normal-appearing follicle sheaths, dermal papillae, and barb ridges were induced. In feather tracts, short, wide, and curled feather buds with abnormal morphology and random orientation formed. Epidermal invaginations and placode-like structures formed in the scale epidermis. PCNA staining and the distribution of molecular markers (SHH, NCAM, Tenascin-C) were characteristic of feather buds. These results suggest that the beta-catenin pathway is involved in modulating epithelial morphogenesis and that increased beta-catenin pathway activity can increase the activity of skin appendage phenotypes. Analogies between regulated and deregulated new growths are discussed.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein↗

PubMed2000

c-Fos expression in the cholinergic basal forebrain after enforced wakefulness and recovery sleep.

The present study used c-Fos expression to examine cellular activity in cholinergic regions in the basal forebrain (BF) following enforced waking and recovery sleep. Cholinergic cells within the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB, respectively) showed significantly higher c-Fos immunoreactivity after prolonged waking than after recovery sleep. Cholinergic cells within the medial septal nucleus (MS), however, showed no change in c-Fos expression under these conditions. Consistent with our previous findings, c-Fos immunoreactivity in the ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO) was increased after 1-2h of recovery sleep compared with enforced waking. These results indicate state-specific effects on transcription and subsequent protein expression in cell populations associated with behavioral state and further show that the HDB, VDB and VLPO are good candidates for the further study of intracellular events associated with sleep and wakefulness.

Animals↗