The role of non-invasive ventilation in the emergency department.
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Acute Disease↗
Biomedical subjects
J Louis
Publications and source records attributed to J Louis.
[Controversies about acute otitis media].
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
The sleep tutorial.
A multimedia Sleep tutorial for General Practitioners was implemented from scratch. The implementation had into account the following features: 1) Specific needs of GPs evaluated in 3 different countries, related with Tutorial contents and technical features; 2) Multinational authorship from European experts; 3) Multilingual possibilities; 4) User friendliness and easy navigation. The tutorial was implemented and tested and its gama version is now available for commercialization.
Adolescent↗
Chromosome 11 aneuploidy detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in breast cancer: relation with progesterone receptor expression.
Progesterone receptor (PR) expression is known to be impaired in breast cancer. As the PR gene is located on chromosome 11 which is also often affected, we studied their relationship in 15 patients with breast carcinoma. Tumoural imprints were used for PR immunocytochemistry and for FISH with chromosome 11 centromeric probes. Distribution profiles of chromosome 11 number in PR+ and PR- cell populations were examined. No difference in the number of chromosome 11 was found between PR+ and PR- breast tumours. Thus, loss of PR expression in breast cancer cannot be explained only by loss of chromosome 11; other genetic or non-genetic mechanisms should be advanced.
Aneuploidy↗
Axillary vein thrombosis mimicking muscular strain.
Axillary vein thrombosis may occur on strenuous activity with a clinical picture similar to a simple strain. It carries significant morbidity but a good outcome is possible with early treatment. The aetiology, investigation, and treatment are discussed.
Adult↗
The resolution of lesions induced by Leishmania major in mice requires a functional Fas (APO-1, CD95) pathway of cytotoxicity.
Normal or perforin-deficient C57BL/6 mice are able to heal spontaneously cutaneous lesions induced by Leishmania major. In this report, we show that syngeneic gld and lpr mice, lacking a functional Fas system, fail to heal their lesions. This inability to control infection could not be attributed either to a failure to mount a protective CD4+ Th1 response or to an unresponsiveness of their macrophages to the activating signals of IFN-gamma. The observation showing that administration of exogenous recombinant Fas ligand (FasL) to FasL-deficient mice resulted in the resolution of cutaneous lesions demonstrates the importance of the Fas-FasL pathway in the elimination of parasites. Furthermore, macrophages infected with L. major in vitro up-regulate their surface expression of Fas in response to IFN-gamma and as a result become susceptible to CD4+ T cell-induced apoptotic death. These results suggest that the CD4+ T cell-induced apoptotic death of MHC class II-expressing antigen-presenting cells, observed in vitro and operating through the Fas (Apo-1/CD95) pathway, is relevant in vivo.
Animals↗
Regulation of protective immunity against Leishmania major in mice.
Resolution of lesions induced by Leishmania major in mice results from the development of Th1 responses. Cytokines produced by Th1 cells activate macrophages to a parasiticidal state. The development of Th2 responses in mice from a few strains underlies susceptibility to infection. Cytokines produced by Th2 cells exacerbate the development of lesions because of their deactivating properties for macrophages. This murine model of infection has provided significant insight into the mechanisms intrinsic to the differentiation of disparate CD4+ T cell subsets in vivo in animals from different genetic backgrounds.
Animals↗
[Sleep maturation in the first two years of life: quantitative aspects, structural and circadian].
This study presents results on sleep maturation during the first two years of life, based on a longitudinal study of 15 normal children recorded at home over 24 hours at the ages of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. The development of the different stages and parameters of sleep was studied in quantitative, structural and circadian terms. To do so, various analyses were performed on the polygraphic recording data interpreted using the "adult" criteria suggested by Rechtschaffen et Kales in 1968. Results show the very early presence of some adult sleep parameters, such as the stable mean duration of episodes of paradoxical sleep (PS), the rapid decrease in the amount of this sleep stage, which reaches adult levels by the age of 9 months, the large amount of slow wave sleep in the first sleep cycle from the age of 3 months and the stability of the acrophase of the PS circadian rhythm. The position of the acrophase corresponds to the period of high PS density at the end of the night in adults. Other parameters, such as the increase in stages 1 and 2 of slow wave sleep, the increase in the latency of PS with disappearance at 9 months of PS onset, and the increase in stability of sleep with a decrease in nocturnal waking and body movements, are related to the maturation of the central nervous system structures implicated in the mechanisms of sleep (maturation of the thalamo-cortical pathways and the rostro-caudal pons-thalamus connections). These maturation processes may be markedly influenced by the environment. Finally, the increase with age in the amplitude of the sleep circadian rhythm may lead to both lengthening of the sleep cycle at the age of 12 months and development of the homeostatic process of sleep analysed by temporal changes in slow wave sleep.
Apgar Score↗
["Blueberry muffin baby"].
BACKGROUND: Blueberry muffin baby is a characteristic neonatal syndrome characterized by multiple dark-bluish skin nodules. The clinical significance and prognosis of this syndrome are variable. CASE REPORT: A male child was born to non-consanguinous parents. At birth, a polymalformative syndrome associated macrostomy, bilateral cryptochidy and hexadactyly. There were also about twenty firm dark-bluish skin nodules disseminated over the entire body. These skin lesions regressed spontaneously within one month. Pathology examination of a skin nodule showed lymphomonocyte proliferation. Immunostaining favored T cell infiltration without monoclonal proliferation. Medullar genome mapping showed evidence of a fragile site on the end of chromosome 20. At 8 months the child had normal development. DISCUSSION: We attributed this blueberry muffin baby syndrome to T cell proliferation but we were unable to distinguish between extramedullary leukopoiesis and leukemia. Despite the absence of systematic disease and the complete regression, no exact diagnosis and prognosis could be established in the case. The association of blueberry muffin baby syndrome with a polymalformative syndrome was probably related to a genetic anomaly on chromosome 20 not previously reported.
Abnormalities, Multiple↗
[Aneurysm of the celiac trunk. Etiopathogenic role of the arcuate ligament].
INTRODUCTION: Aneurysms of arteries supplying the digestive tract are uncommon and usually asymptomatic. CLINICAL REPORT: A 58-year-old woman presented weight-loss with intestinal angina and a painful abdomen. Explorations induced an arteriogram of the aorta and the digestive arteries which showed an aneurysm of the celiac trunk located immediately below a stenosis facing the arcuate ligament. DISCUSSION: The discovery of an aneurysm of the celiac trunk in a patient without any history of hypertension or artheromatous disease led us to implicate the arcuate ligament as the causal agent. Radiography and histology findings favored this hypothesis.
Abdominal Pain↗
Sleep ontogenesis revisited: a longitudinal 24-hour home polygraphic study on 15 normal infants during the first two years of life.
The sleep organization of 15 normal infants (seven boys, eight girls) was studied at their homes during six 24-hour periods, i.e. at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, using the Oxford Medical System. Sleep states and stages were scored visually at 30-second intervals, according to Rechtschaffen and Kales' criteria, adapted for children by Guilleminault. All sleep parameters were analyzed for the entire 24-hour period, i.e. during both the nocturnal and the diurnal part of the nycthemere. The results showed a continuous decrease in total sleep time, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and indeterminate sleep, and also an increase in waking time, quiet sleep, and stages 1 and 2 sleep. Except for slow-wave sleep, which remained very stable for the different ages, analysis of variance applied to the data showed clear age and day-night effects on sleep ontogenesis. Modifications with age were more precocious and more pronounced for the diurnal part of the nycthemere, especially as regards REM sleep. For the nocturnal part, there was a significant increase in sleep efficiency and in the length of the REM period after 12 months of age, while total sleep duration and number of awakenings decreased. In addition to normative data for clinical use, this study provides three new interesting results related to the maturation of sleep mechanisms and functions: 1) the high stability of the percentage of slow-wave sleep along these 2 years, 2) the presence (from 12 months of age) of a stage 2/REM sleep ratio equal to one, and a sleep change occuring earlier, during the diurnal rather than the nocturnal part of the nycthemere. The first two points could be regarded as indexes of sleep maturation reflecting developmental and neurophysiological changes in central nervous system structures. The third point underlines the importance of the circadian rhythm and the concept of "experience" in the maturation of sleep.
Child, Preschool↗
Expression of three cell adhesion molecules in bladder carcinomas: correlation with pathological features.
Recently, independent studies have shown that the expression of two integrin chains, beta 4 and alpha 2, plus the epithelial cadherin are related to tumour progression in human bladder carcinomas. For the first time, we compare the expression of these three cell adhesion molecules using immunohistochemical analysis of consecutive cryosections from a series of 50 bladder tumors. E-cadherin, beta 4, and alpha 2 were strongly expressed in normal urothelium. A majority of non-invasive bladder cancers stained positively for E-cadherin (62%), whereas only 29% expressed normal positivity for alpha 2, and only 35% for beta 4. However, most invasive tumours presented an aberrant expression of alpha 2 (81%), beta 4 (100%), and E-cadherin (75%). We studied the correlation of immunoreactivity with histological grade and stage. The alpha 2 pattern was not correlated with stage and grade. In contrast, loss of normal beta 4 expression was significantly related to increasing tumour grade and deep invasion with a higher correlation for grade. Finally, E-cadherin expression was highly correlated with stage, but not with grade. Thus our results indicate that, although many invasive bladder tumours presented a disorder in expression of the two integrins alpha 2 and beta 4, E-cadherin appeared to be a better market of invasiveness in bladder carcinomas.
Adult↗
Metronidazole oral rinse helps to alleviate odor associated with oral lesions.
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Antitrichomonal Agents↗
[Sleep disorders in children under six years. "My child sleeps badly!"].
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Child Development↗
Expression of E-cadherin and alpha-,beta- and gamma-catenins in human bladder carcinomas: are they good prognostic factors?
E-cadherin, the epithelium-specific cadherin, is known to play a major role in tumor progression in many human carcinomas, via intercellular homophilic Ca2+-dependent adhesion. This adhesion is mediated by a group of cytoplasmic proteins, including the alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenins that link the E-cadherin to the actin cytoskeleton. Recent studies have shown that loss or reduction of either E-cadherin or catenin expression was strictly related to clinicopathological data in bladder tumors, and E-cadherin might constitute prognostic factors in bladder carcinogenesis. Here we continued a preliminary work on E-cadherin in bladder cancer. In an effort to evaluate their possible prognostic value, we investigated both E-cadherin and catenins in 99 bladder tumors by immunohistochemistry. E-cadherin and all the catenins were strongly expressed in normal urothelium. Regarding histopathological data, the tumors examined showed that the disrupted expression of each molecule, except for gamma-catenin, was directly related to increasing tumor grade (mainly for alpha- and beta-catenin) and deep invasion (p < or = 0.01). The aberrant expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin was also correlated to the presence of distant metastasis (p < 0.05). However, only abnormal expression of a-catenin was associated with poor survival (p = 0.037). Therefore our results suggest that alpha-catenin is directly involved in tumor invasion and dedifferentiation and is the only protein of any prognostic value, albeit low in patients with bladder cancer.
Adult↗
The outcome of the parasitic process initiated by Leishmania infantum in laboratory mice: a tissue-dependent pattern controlled by the Lsh and MHC loci.
Human visceral leishmaniasis is mainly due to intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex, i.e., L. donovani and L. infantum (or L. chagasi). A mouse model has been established to monitor 1) the parasitic process initiated by L. infantum in three tissues they invade, and 2) parameters of the acquired immune response they trigger. Mice congenic at the Lsh locus and mice of inbred strains differing at the MHC locus have been inoculated by the i.v. route with L. infantum. The parasitic process has been evaluated by the follow-up of the parasitic load in the liver, the spleen, and, for the first time, in the bone marrow using a very sensitive limiting dilution assay. As previously established for L. donovani, the early outcome of L. infantum is also under the control of the Lsh locus in the liver; genes of the MHC complex are involved in the development of the subsequent acquired immune response. "Cure" or "noncure" haplotypes are the same for the two species of Leishmania; as far as the cure haplotype is concerned, whatever the tissues being screened, the parasites are never totally cleared, although the liver is the tissue in which the best parasite load reduction is achieved. Through immunostaining, it was established that sialoadhesin-positive stromal bone marrow macrophages contain parasites; such long-lived mononuclear phagocytes could be the host cells where the parasite can find "safe targets" unreactive to the dominant effector immune mechanism triggered by the replicative stage of the parasites.
Alleles↗
[Importance of progress achieved in fundamental biomedical sciences, especially in immunology, for the design of new vaccines].
The identification of the type of immune response which leads to the elimination of a pathogen by infected hosts is an important step in the design of a new vaccine. The progress made during recent years in basic immunology and molecular biology offers rational means by which to select the type of immune response elicited by a vaccine. In this brief communication the applicability of discoveries in basic immunology to the design of new vaccines is discussed.
Allergy and Immunology↗
Methods for simultaneous interphase in situ hybridization and nuclear antigen immunocytochemistry in T47-D cells.
Procedures that combine immunocytochemistry (ICC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques are now used to investigate phenotype/genotype relationships in the same cells. In this report we describe three rapid procedures for simultaneous detection of a nuclear antigen, progesterone receptors (PR), and the centromeric region of chromosome 11 (to which the human PR gene has been assigned) in T47-D cells. Proteins were stained by precipitates of horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (PO-DAB, brown color), alkaline phosphatase-Fast Red (APase-Fast Red, red color) or alkaline phosphatase-nitroblue tetrazolium-X-phosphate (APase-NBT-X-Phosphate, blue color) respectively. To obtain a suitable contrast for the two labels, we detected DNA on PO-DAB and APase-NBT-X-phosphate-immunostained cells with interphasic fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). By contrast, we combined the APase-Fast Red ICC with an immunocytochemical ISH using alkaline phosphatase-NBT-X-phosphate detection. Only the procedure combining APase-NBT-X-phosphate ICC and FISH ensures optimal visualization of both the PR content and the number of chromosome 11. This method easily provides simultaneous localization of DNA and protein targets in the same cells and should be applicable to many other situations.
Antigens, Nuclear↗