Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J Lichtman

Publications and source records attributed to J Lichtman.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Are school based mental health services effective? Evidence from 36 inner city schools.

In an effort to bridge the gap between service need and service utilization, an urban based, university-affiliated children's psychiatric outpatient clinic implemented a program which provides mental health services in inner city schools. Since impressions of school and mental health personnel affirmed the effectiveness of such services, an evaluation of this program was conducted, despite the difficulties inherent in implementing research in "naturalistic settings." A clinic sample of children (N = 220) was compared with a sample served in the urban schools (N = 256). The findings revealed that both sets of children showed improvement as indicated by the Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) and Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). The improvement was comparable, even though the school children were seen for a slightly shorter period of time (an average of 5 versus 8 months) but had an equally frequent level of service (3 sessions per month in each setting). This finding may have important implications for the managed care environment. These results indicate that school based mental health services show improvement comparable to the clinic-based services, and have the potential for bridging the gap between need and utilization by reaching disadvantaged children who would otherwise not have access to these services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

No safe haven. II: The effects of violence exposure on urban youth.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the moderating effects of gender, grade level, and ethnicity on the associations between violence exposure and adolescents' internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior and to explore whether such relationships persist over time. METHOD: A survey of adolescents' exposure to violence, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behavior was administered to 2 cross-sectional samples of 6th, 8th, and 10th graders (N = 2,748 in 1994 and 2,600 in 1996) in an urban school system. Approximately 1,100 adolescents participated in both surveys and served as the longitudinal sample. RESULTS: Structural equation models indicated that violence exposure was closely associated with both externalizing behavior (r = 0.74-0.79) and internalizing symptoms (r = 0.36-0.38). The strength of association was similar across gender and ethnic groups. However, violence exposure was more closely related with internalizing symptoms for younger adolescents than their older counterparts. The longitudinal analysis suggested that exposure to violence reported at time 1 was related to adolescents' internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior 2 years later. CONCLUSIONS: These results document high levels of violence exposure for urban youths and indicate links to a range of psychiatric symptoms and indicators of poor adjustment. Such findings carry implications for direct clinical work with young people, as well as for program development and public policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Doctors' orders.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1986

Relation of animal size to convergence, divergence, and neuronal number in peripheral sympathetic pathways.

The enormous range of animal size raises a fundamental problem: How do larger animals maintain adequate control of peripheral structures that are many times more massive and extensive than the homologous structures in smaller animals? To explore this question, we have determined neuronal number, the number of axons that innervate each neuron (convergence) and the number of neurons innervated by each axon (divergence), in a peripheral sympathetic pathway of several mammals (mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit). The average adult weights of these species vary over approximately a 65-fold range. However, the number of superior cervical ganglion cells increases by only a factor of 4 between the smallest of these animals (mice; about 25 gm) and the largest (rabbits; about 1700 gm); the number of spinal preganglionic neurons that innervate the ganglion increases by only a factor of 2. Thus, the number of nerve cells in the sympathetic system does not increase in proportion to animal size. On the other hand, our results indicate that there are systematic differences across these species in the number of axons that innervate each ganglion cell and in the number of ganglion cells innervated by each axon. We suggest that modulation of convergence and divergence in sympathetic ganglia allows this part of the nervous system to effectively activate homologous peripheral targets over a wide range of animal size.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte capping by a chemotactic factor.

Incubation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with colchicine and fluorescein-concanavalin A leads to the formation of a polarized cap of fluorescence not seen if cells are incubated with fluorescein-Con A along. When cells are preincubated with a chemotactic factor before colchicine treatment, the capping is inhibited in a dose-related manner. Studies with alpha-methylmannoside indicate that the caps represent extracellular fluorescein-Con A and are not areas of Con A internalization. Experiments utilizing an irreversible inhibitor of serine esterases suggest that a chemotactic factor-activated enzyme is involved in the inhibition of cap formation in the human neutrophil.

Cell Membrane↗