Epithelioid sarcoma with extensive chondroid differentiation.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
J L Slavin
Publications and source records attributed to J L Slavin.
Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intake.
Higher intakes of vegetables and fruits are associated with a lower risk of certain human cancers. A biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake would be a valuable research tool. A cross-sectional study assessed the association between plasma carotenoid concentrations and intakes of vegetables and fruits. Plasma carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene) were measured in 50 male and 49 female participants, aged 18-37 years, with a wide range of habitual vegetable and fruit intakes. Dietary intakes were assessed via a food frequency questionnaire. Intake of vegetables and fruits and high carotenoid foods were measured. The sum of the plasma carotenoids (excluding lycopene) was highly correlated with intake of total vegetables and fruits (r = 0.59). Of the individual plasma carotenoids, plasma alpha-carotene had the highest correlation with intakes of both total vegetables (r = 0.50) and total fruits (r = 0.58). Intakes of foods with high carotenoid contents were correlated with their corresponding plasma concentrations as follows: high beta-carotene foods (r = 0.41); high lutein foods (r = 0.46); and high lycopene foods (r = 0.11). Multiple regression analyses showed that intake of total vegetables and fruits was the most significant determinant of each plasma carotenoid except lycopene. The utility of combining the plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intake was assessed by a stepwise regression of total vegetable and fruit intake on plasma carotenoids. Significant determinants of intake of total vegetables and fruits were alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and energy intake (R2 = 0.53).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Nodular breast lesions during pregnancy and lactation.
A review of the clinical and pathological features of 30 lactating nodules which were retrieved over the period 1975-1991 was undertaken. Clinically, the nodules occurred during any pregnancy and in subsequent pregnancies no further nodules developed. There were no favoured sites or lateralization of nodules, nor was there any correlation between nodule occurrence and ethnic background. Morphologically, a pre-existing underlying lesion was readily recognized in 18 cases. Seven fibroadenomas, five tubular adenomas, two of which were infarcted, and six breast hamartomas were identified. The other 12 cases were well circumscribed nodules with a variable degree of inflammation and lobular hyperplasia. It is best to recognize these lesions as a heterogeneous group and designate them as lactating nodules, noting any underlying pathological process rather than using the older term lactating adenoma which implies a single neoplastic entity.
Adenoma↗
Prolapse-induced inflammatory polyps of the colorectum and anal transitional zone.
A clinicopathological study of polypoid lesions of the lower gastrointestinal tract from 12 patients was undertaken. Clinically, the majority had signs and symptoms of rectal prolapse despite having a variety of other primary diagnoses (e.g. carcinoma of the bowel or diverticular disease). Three patients were asymptomatic. The polyps were more common in females and were usually solitary. Histologically, fibrin 'caps', fibromuscular hypertrophy and obliteration of the lamina propria, goblet cell hypertrophy and serrated tubules were consistently noted. The fibromuscular tissue often extended into the lamina propria in a radial fashion. This study shows that mucosal prolapse underpins a variety of lesions that are part of a histological spectrum of changes. Inflammatory cloacogenic polyps, inflammatory 'cap' polyps, polypoid prolapsing mucosal folds of diverticular disease and inflammatory myoglandular polyps are all due to mucosal prolapse.
Adult↗
Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as acute appendicitis in an HIV-1 positive patient.
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Adult↗
Sex differences in colonic function: a randomised trial.
There are sex differences in large bowel cancer rates and a variety of other gastrointestinal disorders possibly because of differences in gut biology. To determine whether men and women have different gastrointestinal responses when consuming identical intakes of dietary fibre, 16 women and 18 men consumed liquid formula diets and 'quick breads' with 0 g, and 10 g, and 30 g of fibre as wheat bran and vegetable fibre. The five test diets were consumed in random order, each treatment lasting 23 days. Mean transit time was faster (p = 0.02), and stool weights (g/day) were greater (p = 0.0005) for men than women. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) excretion was greater in men (p = 0.01), and women tended to digest more NDF (p = 0.06). Men and women seemed to respond differently to wheat bran and vegetable fibre with regard to NDF excretion and digestibility. There were no gender differences in the faecal pH or moisture content. Concentrations and daily excretion of the secondary bile acids, lithocholic and deoxycholic acid, were greater for men than women (p < 0.05). Gender differences in bowel function and bile acid excretion, observed when men and women consumed the same amounts of dietary fibre, may be relevant for understanding colonic disease aetiology and for undertaking future dietary intervention trials.
Adolescent↗
Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle.
Lignans are a group of phytochemicals shown to have weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties. Two specific lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, are absorbed after formation in the intestinal tract from plant precursors particularly abundant in fiber-rich food and are excreted in the urine. We evaluated the effect of the ingestion of flax seed powder, known to produce high concentrations of urinary lignans, on the menstrual cycle in 18 normally cycling women, using a balanced randomized cross-over design. Each subject consumed her usual omnivorous, low fiber (control) diet for 3 cycles and her usual diet supplemented with flax seed for another 3 cycles. The second and third flax cycles were compared to the second and third control cycles. Three anovulatory cycles occurred during the 36 control cycles, compared to none during the 36 flax seed cycles. Compared to the ovulatory control cycles, the ovulatory flax cycles were consistently associated with longer luteal phase (LP) lengths (mean +/- SEM, 12.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.4 days; P = 0.002). There were no significant differences between flax and control cycles for concentrations of either estradiol or estrone during the early follicular phase, midfollicular phase, or LP. Although flax seed ingestion had no significant effect on LP progesterone concentrations, the LP progesterone/estradiol ratios were significantly higher during the flax cycles. Midfollicular phase testosterone concentrations were slightly higher during flax cycles. Flax seed ingestion had no effect on early follicular phase concentrations of DHEA-S, PRL, or sex hormone-binding globulin. Our data suggest a significant specific role for lignans in the relationship between diet and sex steroid action, and possibly between diet and the risk of breast and other hormonally dependent cancers.
4-Butyrolactone↗
Gastrointestinal effects of sugarbeet fiber and wheat bran in healthy men.
Gastrointestinal effects of feeding 20 g total dietary fiber as wheat bran (WB) and sugarbeet fiber (SBF) were compared in 17 healthy men in a randomized cross-over design. The fibers were milled to similar particle sizes and consumed as supplements to the subjects' self-selected diets (SS). Transit times were similar among the diets. Fecal wet and dry weights were greater on the fiber diets compared to the SS diet (P < 0.05); wet weights were similar with WB and SBF; dry weights were greater with WB than SBF (P < 0.001); and moisture content was lower with WB than SBF (P < 0.01). Fecal pH was lower with WB than SBF (P < 0.025). WB and SBF provided similar fecal bulking effect; however, the contribution of fecal dry matter and fecal water content to increased bulk differed between fibers.
Adult↗
Effects of high-fiber diet on fecal blood content (HemoQuant assay) in healthy subjects.
Consumption of high-fiber diets has been recommended prior to fecal blood testing to increase bleeding from polyps, cancer, and other lesions associated with mucosal erosion in the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of a high-fiber diet on fecal hemoglobin loss was examined in 17 healthy subjects during two dietary periods: (1) self-selected diet, (2) same diet plus 24 g/day dietary fiber (Fiber One Cereal). Five-day fecal composites were weighed and homogenized, and hemoglobin concentration was determined by the HemoQuant test. Average daily fecal weight increased from 145 +/- 90 g to 281 +/- 91 g (P = 0.0001), fecal hemoglobin concentrations decreased from 0.98 +/- 0.48 to 0.48 +/- 0.28 mg/g (P = 0.0001), while daily fecal hemoglobin contents were similar (P = 0.39) for self-selected and added-fiber diets, respectively. In these healthy individuals, a high-fiber diet had no effect on mucosal bleeding, but the increased fecal weight significantly lowered fecal hemoglobin concentration. Clinical implications are considered.
Adult↗
Iron status of active women and the effect of running a marathon on bowel function and gastrointestinal blood loss.
This study compared the bowel function, fecal hemoglobin (Hb) loss, iron status and diets of 36 women of varying activity levels. In addition, we examined the effect of a marathon race on bowel function and fecal Hb loss in 15 of these women. The subjects were divided into 4 groups based on estimated daily exercise energy expenditure: Group A) less than 400 kcal/d (less than 1674 kJ/d); Group B) 400-599 kcal/d (1674-2507 kJ/d); Group C) 600-800 kcal/d (2511-3348 kJ/d); and Group D) greater than 800 kcal/d (greater than 3348 kJ/d). There were no differences in hematological and iron indexes among the 4 groups. Mean daily stool wet weights and individual stool weights were greater for groups B and D as compared to group A. However, transit time and frequency of defecation were not different. Daily fecal Hb losses (mg/day) were greater in groups B, C, and D as compared to A, but there was no difference in fecal Hb concentrations (mg/g feces) among the groups. Dietary intakes of energy, protein, fat and fiber were similar for all groups. Ascorbic acid and iron intakes from food significantly increased with increased estimated daily energy expenditure. Total intakes of ascorbic acid and iron, including oral supplements, were not different among the groups. Marathon racing resulted in a 21% increase in mean transit time, a 27% decrease in daily stool weight and 21% lower frequency of defecation. Fecal Hb concentrations and daily Hb losses before and after the race were not significantly different, despite an increased daily Hb loss in 10 of the 15 runners after the race.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Methane production and bowel function parameters in healthy subjects on low- and high-fiber diets.
Colon cancer patients are more likely than healthy subjects to excrete breath methane, and methane production has been suggested as a screening method to predict risk of developing colon cancer. To assess whether methane production is related to fiber ingestion and bowel function, we measured end-alveolar breath methane in 126 healthy subjects; 36% produced methane (greater than 3 ppm). Fifteen methane producers and nine controls were selected to participate in a 17-day study: a self-selected diet for 7 days, followed by the same diet plus 24 g/day dietary fiber (Fiber One Cereal) for 10 days. Methane was measured three times per day on three days during each diet. Two subjects screened as methane producers stopped excreting methane during the study, and one control started to excrete methane. Radiopaque pellets were given at the start and end of each diet, and feces were collected, homogenized, and dried. Mean transit time (p less than 0.0001) and fecal pH (p less than 0.0003) were significantly decreased with fiber, whereas fecal hydration scale (p less than 0.003), fecal dry (p less than 0.0001) and wet (p less than 0.0001) weight, and frequency of defecation (p less than 0.0006) were significantly increased with fiber. No significant change in methane excretion (p less than 0.057) was seen with added fiber. Thus, in this study methane excretor status was not constant in healthy subjects and was not significantly changed by 24 g/day dietary fiber as Fiber One Cereal.
Adolescent↗
Serum lipid and fecal bile acid changes with cereal, vegetable, and sugar-beet fiber feeding.
Thirty-four subjects consumed six controlled formula diets for 3 wk each, supplemented with 0 g added fiber, 10 and 30 g dietary fiber as wheat bran (WB), 10 and 30 g dietary fiber as mixed vegetable fiber (VF), and 30 g dietary fiber as sugar-beet fiber (SBF). Serum cholesterol changes for fiber free, 10 g WB, 30 g WB, 10 g VF, 30 g VF, and 30 g SBF (-0.13, -0.18, -0.05, -0.17, -0.24, and -0.70 mmol/L, respectively) were significant for 30 g VF and 30 g SBF. Reduction in total cholesterol with SBF was largely due to significant lowering of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Total fecal bile acid concentrations were significantly higher with the fiber-free diet than with 30 g WB, VF, and SBF (P less than 0.001) and were also higher with 30 g SBF than with 30 g WB and 30 g VF (P less than 0.005). Daily fecal bile acid excretion was not different on 30 g SBF compared with 30 g WB and 30 g VF. Differences in cholesterol reduction across the diets could not be explained by differences in fecal bile acid excretion.
Adult↗
Dietary fiber: classification, chemical analyses, and food sources.
Dietary fiber's role in the prevention and treatment of constipation has long been known, but now fiber is touted as a cure for many of the ills in Western countries. Although some data exist to relate dietary fiber intake to certain diseases, lack of agreement on what dietary fiber is and how it should be measured make interpreting the data difficult. Further, not all dietary fiber is created equal. Water-soluble fibers, such as pectin and gums, have little effect on stool weight and hence are not appropriate treatment for patients with constipation. Water-insoluble fibers, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, are most effective in aiding laxation but may also limit absorption of minerals and possibly vitamins. Wheat bran is a good source of hemicellulose; vegetables supply cellulose to the diet. Most agencies are recommending a doubling or tripling of dietary fiber intake. Typical recommendations are set at 25 to 50 grams of dietary fiber daily. Different analytical methods for dietary fiber yield conflicting fiber values, and dietary fiber values do not exist for many foods, making fiber recommendations controversial and difficult to achieve. Fiber in the diet should ideally be increased by the consumption of unrefined breads and cereals and more fruits and vegetables. Vegetarians routinely consume 40 to 50 gm dietary fiber daily without ill effect. Fiber supplements may be appropriate for some patients, but the composition of the fiber should be known and be appropriate for the disease being treated. Before fiber supplements are marketed, clinical trials should be conducted to support the use of the supplements in the prevention and treatment of disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dietary Fiber↗
Poor iron status of women runners training for a marathon.
The iron status of nine female marathon runners was evaluated during 11 weeks of training for a marathon race and following a marathon race. Venous blood samples were obtained at the start of the training period, weekly during training, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 days post-race. The subjects completed menstrual and dietary histories, and the diet content of energy, protein, iron, and ascorbic acid was calculated. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation showed no significant change at weeks 1, 7, and 11 during training. The mean values of serum iron and transferrin saturation were low. During training, eight of the nine women averaged serum ferritin levels below 50 ng/ml, one of the eight having values consistently less than 10 ng/ml. Ferritin values were significantly elevated for 3 days after the marathon. No subject reported abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding, and nutrient intakes were near recommended levels, except for iron. Thus, the iron status of these women marathon runners was poor, suggesting that women runners may have higher dietary needs for iron than sedentary women. Serum ferritin levels were also elevated after a marathon run and may not adequately reflect iron stores.
Adult↗
Breath hydrogen and methane: poor indicators of apparent digestion of soy fiber.
To examine whether end-alveolar breath hydrogen and methane could be used as indicators of fiber digestion in humans, 16 male subjects were fed four fiber-free, complete liquid diets with 0, 30 g (heat processed), 30 g, and 60 g/day soy polysaccharide. Breath hydrogen was measured hourly and breath methane every 4 h on days 6 and 8 of each study period. Feces were collected, homogenized, dried, and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). NDF in diets was determined and apparent NDF digestibility calculated. NDF from soy was extensively fermented, greater than 80%, on the fiber-containing diets. No significant relationship was found between breath-gas excretion and fiber digestion, although breath-gas values varied greatly. Breath hydrogen and methane were not significantly different when subjects consumed diets containing 0, 30, or 60 g soy polysaccharide.
Adult↗
Elevated serum ferritin concentrations in master runners after a marathon race.
To evaluate iron stores in master runners, serum ferritin levels were measured 24 hrs before and 1, 24 and 168 hrs after a 42.2 km marathon race in 12 men and 7 women master runners. Mean ferritin concentrations were 88 and 50 ng/ml, respectively, before the race. Significant elevations in serum ferritin levels were observed 24 and 168 hrs after the race for men runners and 1, 24 and 168 hrs after the race for women runners. Serum ferritin levels elevated after a stressful event like a marathon race may no longer accurately reflect body iron stores.
Adult↗
Determination and apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber monosaccharides in women.
The neutral monosaccharides in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) extracted from low and high cellulose diets and from feces excreted by seven women consuming the same diet were determined. In addition, apparent digestibilities of the NDF neutral monosaccharides during consumption of both diets were compared. Diets were of constant daily composition and differed only in that the high fiber diet contained 16 g/day of Solka Floc. NDF residues from food and feces were hydrolyzed by the Saeman procedure and the neutral saccharides measured by high performance liquid chromatography. More than 75% of the food NDF from both diets was glucose. Mean fecal NDF was 77% glucose during feeding of the low fiber diet, 89% glucose during the high fiber diet. Xylose was the next most common monosaccharide, accounting for 6-16% of the monosaccharides detected in food and fecal NDF. Concentrations of the other sugars, arabinose, cellobiose, mannose, galactose and rhamnose, ranged from 1 to 6%. Apparent digestibility of the sugars decreased significantly when Solka Floc was consumed: glucose from 85 to 48%; xylose from 76 to 57%; arabinose 89 to 73%; and mannose 86 to 43%. These data indicate that the monosaccharides in NDF from a representative low fiber diet are degraded extensively in the gut, and that adding Solka Floc to the diet decreases the digestibility of all fiber-derived monosaccharides.
Adult↗