Biomedical subjects

J L Sell

Publications and source records attributed to J L Sell.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Influence of supplementing corn-soybean meal diets with vitamin E on performance and selected physiological traits of male turkeys.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing practical diets of male turkeys with dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA). In Experiment 1, a factorial arrangement of dietary treatments [0, 12, 50, 150, and 300 IU TA/kg with 0 or 300 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/kg] was used. These 10 treatments were fed to poults from 1 to 41 d of age. From 41 to 118 d of age, the AA treatments were discontinued, and the 300 IU TA treatment groups were changed to 12 IU TA/kg. Neither TA nor AA treatments affected 41-d BW, feed to gain ratio (FE), or livability. No effects of dietary TA concentrations on turkey performance were observed through 118 d of age alpha-Tocopherol (TOC) concentrations of plasmas and livers were increased by increments of dietary TA, with substantial liver storage when toms were fed 150 IU TA/kg from 1 to 118 d. Supplementing diets with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 IU TA/ kg in Experiments 2 and 3 had no effect on performance of toms through 119 and 105 d, respectively. alpha-Tocopherol concentrations of plasma and red blood cells (RBC) increased linearly with increments of dietary TA. The same was true for livers in Experiment 2. Susceptibility of RBC to hemolysis induced by 400 microM t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) in Experiment 2 decreased with increasing dietary TA, and these decreases corresponded to increases in TOC concentration of RBC. However, the relationships between hemolysis and dietary TA or RBC TOC were inconsistent in Experiment 3 and varied according to concentration of TBH (200, 300, or 400 microM) and age of the toms. At 105 d of age, RBC of toms fed no supplemental TA were resistant to hemolysis, irrespective of dietary TA and TBH concentration. In Experiment 3, there were no indications of dietary TA effects on plasma peroxide concentration or activity of plasma creatine kinase. A positive relationship between dietary TA and blastogenic responses of blood lymphocytes was observed with concanavalin A when toms were at 44 d but not at 23 or 86 d of age. The overall data indicate that corn-soybean meal diets containing from 6 to 20 IU TOC/kg, but no supplemental TA supported satisfactory performance and well-being of male turkeys from 1 d of age to market ages when the turkeys were free of disease, as was true in the research reported here.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Adverse effects of Escherichia coli infection of turkeys were not alleviated by supplemental dietary vitamin E.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary vitamin E on the response of young male turkeys to Escherichia coli infection. A complete factorial arrangement of two concentrations of supplemental dietary vitamin E (12 or 300 IU/kg as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and infection or no infection of turkeys with E. coli was used in both experiments. In Experiment 1, each dietary treatment was fed to four pens of turkeys from 1 to 28 d of age. At 28 d, turkeys in two pens per dietary treatment received an injection of 3.0 x 10(7) E. coli cells into the left and right thoracic air sacs. All turkeys were necropsied 7 d after E. coli injection and the incidence and severity of lesions in air sacs, lungs, pericardium, and liver were determined. The same dietary vitamin E treatments were used in Experiment 2. Each diet was fed to eight pens of turkeys from 1 to 47 d of age. At 47 d, turkeys in four pens per dietary treatment received an injection of 3.0 x 10(7) cells of the same E. coli used in Experiment 1 into the left and right thoracic air sacs. All turkeys were necropsied as in Experiment 1 at 54 d of age. Weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization were impaired markedly by E. coli infection during the 7 d after injection. Livability also was decreased by E. coli infection in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. Adverse effects of E. coli on performance and livability were not affected by dietary vitamin E concentration. Lesions observed in turkeys that received E. coli injection ranged from mild to severe, with the most severe lesions observed in air sacs. Lung lesions were observed frequently but were less severe than in air sacs. Dietary concentration of vitamin E had no effect on incidence or severity of lesions in air sacs or lungs. Overall, the results of these experiments show that adding 300 IU of vitamin E/kg of diet did not alleviate the adverse effects of E. coli infection in young turkeys.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Availability for poults of phosphorus from meat and bone meals of different particle sizes.

Two experiments were conducted to compare the dietary availability of P from meat and bone meal (MBM) with that of P from dicalcium phosphate (DP) for poults. Two batches of the same MBM were tested. The batches differed in fineness of grind; one was passed through a 10-mesh screen (openings of 2.03 mm) (MBM1O) and the other through a 12-mesh screen (openings of 1.91 mm) (MBM12). In Experiments 1 and 2, the low-P basal diets contained, by analysis, 0.54% P (0.2% nonphytate P) and 0.64% P (0.3% nonphytate P), respectively. Each batch of MBM and DP were included in isocaloric, equinitrogenous diets to obtain increments of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% P added to the basal diet. Three pens, each containing seven poults, were assigned to each of the 13 dietary treatments. Poults were fed the diets from 5 to 11 and 6 to 13 d of age in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Regression analyses of the data showed that increases in BW and tibia ash were linearly related (P </= 0.01) to percentage dietary P and to quantity of P consumed. Common intercept multiple linear regression was used to derive relative availabilities (RA) with DP assigned a value of 100. On the basis of BW gains, RA of MBM1O and MBM12 ranged from 99.1 to 105.5, depending on the independent variable and the experiment. Similarly, on the basis of tibia ash, RA ranged from 97.3 to 104.8. None of the RA differed (P > 0.05) from 100. Thus, the RA of P from MBM tested were equal to that of P from DP, and particle size of the MBM did not affect RA of P.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effect of orally administered Eubacterium coprostanoligenes ATCC 51222 on plasma cholesterol concentration in laying hens.

Thirty normocholesterolemic laying hens were used to investigate the effect of oral administration of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes on plasma cholesterol concentrations. Hens were divided randomly into three treatment groups (active, inactive, and control) with 10 hens in each group. The active group received 0.5 mL of E. coprostanoligenes suspension (approximately 2 x 10(7) cells per milliliter) daily for 4 wk; the inactive group received the same dosage of killed (boiled) bacterial suspension; and the control group received no supplemental bacteria. After bacterial feeding, the coprostanol to cholesterol ratio in feces of the active group was significantly greater than ratios of the inactive and control groups, indicating that E. coprostanoligenes was colonized in the intestine of hens and was converting intestinal cholesterol to coprostanol. Plasma cholesterol concentrations, however, were not affected by the bacterial treatment.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1996

Effect of dietary linoleic to linolenic acid ratio and vitamin E supplementation on vitamin E status of poults.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary linoleic to linolenic acid (LO:LN) ratio and dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) supplementation on selected characteristics of the liver and cerebellum and on vitamin E status of turkey poults from hatch through 22 d of age. In Experiment 1, 1-d-old poults were fed diets containing no supplemental TA (0E) or 150 IU TA/kg diet (150E). Poults fed the 150E diet had greater (P < 0.001) concentrations of alpha-tocopherol (TOC) in the liver and plasma than those fed the 0E diet from 7 to 22 d of age. The 150E diet, however, did not completely overcome the decrease in liver and plasma TOC concentrations observed at these ages. The 150E diet had no effect on poult BW, feed efficiency, or on the weight, protein, lipid, or fatty acid concentrations of the liver. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay of liver and hemolysis assay of red blood cells (RBC) showed that the 150E diet decreased the susceptibility of liver and RBC to in vitro peroxidation at 13 and 22 d of age. In Experiment 2, 1-d-old poults were fed the 0E and 150E diets in a complete factorial arrangement with decreasing ratios of LO:LN (10, 5, and 1). Dietary LO:LN ratio had no effect on RBC hemolysis or cerebellum TOC concentration. As the ratio of LO:LN decreased, the arachidonic acid content of liver and cerebellum lipids decreased. Ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in liver and cerebellum were directly related to dietary LO:LN at 13 and 22 d of age.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Utilization of defatted rice bran by broiler chickens.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary concentration of defatted rice bran (DRB) and phytase and fiber-degrading enzyme (FDE) supplementation of DRB-containing diets on performance, characteristics of selected parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and tibia ash of broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, four concentrations of DRB (0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5%) were tested in diets formulated to be isonitrogenous (22% CP) and isocaloric (3,000 kcal MEn/kg). Body weight and feed to gain ratio of broilers from 4 to 35 d of age were not affected by DRB concentration. A decrease in percentage tibia ash (P < 0.08) as dietary DRB increased was indicated. In Experiment 2, diets containing 22.5% DRB were supplemented with phytase (0 and 665 units/kg of diet) and FDE (equivalent to 0 and 1,000 units of xylanase/kg) in a complete factorial arrangement. A corn-soybean meal diet (CS) was included as a fifth treatment. No significant differences among dietary treatments were observed for weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers from 4 to 35 d of age. The MEn values of the DRB diets were greater (P < 0.01) than those of the CS diet, although phytase supplementation of the DRB diet, with or without FDE, reduced (P < 0.01) MEn. Phytase supplementation did not affect percentage tibia ash of chicks fed the DRB diet. The results show that up to 22.5% dietary DRB can be used successfully for broiler chickens when diets are supplemented with available P and fat.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1996

Influence of dietary concentration and source of meat and bone meal on performance of turkeys.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary concentration and source of meat and bone meal (MBM) on performance of tom turkeys from 1 to 119 d of age. In Experiment 1, six replicate pens of toms were fed diets containing 0, 3, 6.5, or 10% MBM. Feeding up to 10% MBM resulted in 119-d BW and feed to gain ratios (F:G) equal to those of toms fed the diet containing no MBM (14.09 kg per tom, F:G = 2.68 for 10% MBM vs 14.08 kg per tom and F:G = 2.70 for the control). Five MBM were evaluated at 10% of the diet in Experiment 2. These MBM differed in source material and proportions of source material (beef, poultry, or pork processing by-products) from which they were made. As compared with feeding a diet containing no MBM, feeding diets with 10% of any of the MBM supported satisfactory 119-d BW and F:G. The data show that up to 10% dietary MBM obtained from different sources can be used successfully for growing turkeys when diets are formulated by using CP, amino acid, Ca, and P data for MBM obtained by laboratory analysis and the MEn value listed for MBM in NRC (1994).

Aging↗

PubMed1996

Efficacy of dietary and injected vitamin E for poults.

An experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of two dietary sources and an injectable form of vitamin E (VE) to improve the VE status of poults. Six of the treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of three concentrations and two sources of dietary VE. Turkeys in these treatments received 12, 80, or 150 IU of either dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or d-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-TOC)/kg of diet. The seventh treatment consisted of a single subcutaneous injection of d-alpha-TOC at 1 d of age. Poults in this treatment were subcutaneously injected in the dorsal area of the neck with 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC, this amount being approximately equivalent to the amount poults would consume if their diet was supplemented with 150 IU of VE/kg during their 1st wk of life. Concentration, source, or route of VE administration did not affect growth parameters, plasma creatine kinase, plasma triglycerides, or liver lipid peroxidation as measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS). Plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and liver alpha-TOC decreased from hatching to 14 d of age in poults fed either source of VE. The use of 80 or 150 IU of dietary VE (either source) reduced (P < 0.05) the extent of depletion of alpha-TOC at all ages and also reduced the susceptibility of RBC to hemolysis. There was no effect of source of dietary VE on concentration of alpha-TOC in plasma, RBC, or liver, or on RBC hemolysis. Subcutaneous injection of 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC at Day 1 increased (P < 0.05) alpha-TOC concentration until 7 d of age. Also, d-alpha-TOC injection reduced (P < 0.05) RBC susceptibility to hemolysis through 21 d of age. Data showed that one single subcutaneous injection of 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC at 1 d of age was as effective as 80 IU or more of dietary VE through 21 d to improve the alpha-TOC status of poults.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

Effect of early nutrient restriction on broiler chickens. 1. Performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of early nutrient restriction on performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Four hundred male broiler (Ross x Ross) chicks raised in floor pens were assigned to two treatment groups. One group was given ad libitum access to feed from 1 to 48 d of age. The second group was feed restricted from 7 to 14 d of age to an energy intake of 1.5 x BW.67 kcal ME/d and then given ad libitum access to feed from 14 to 48 d. Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly. At 49 d of age, birds were processed for carcass yield, abdominal fat pad measurement, and body composition analysis. Broilers were also sampled at 7, 14, 21, and 41 d of age for proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), pancreas, and liver weights and for intestinal length measurements. Total DNA, protein:DNA, and RNA:DNA ratios of livers and jejuna were determined as indexes of changes in cell size and number. Feed-restricted broilers failed to catch up to the Control birds in BW at 48 d of age but were superior (P < .01) in overall feed efficiency. No treatment effects were observed on breast meat yields or abdominal fat. Moreover, percentage carcass fat, crude protein, ash, and dry matter were not affected by restricted feeding. Body weight and weights of gastrointestinal organs were reduced (P < .01) by feed restriction at 14 d of age. Restricted feeding, however, did not decrease the relative weights of organs, except for liver. Feed restriction also resulted in a reduction (P < .01) of liver cell number and size and a decrease in jejunum cell number. All organs recovered normal weight on refeeding, and all cellular constituent ratios (e.g., RNA:DNA, RNA:protein, and protein:DNA) returned to normal by 41 d of age. Absolute and relative weights of supply organs (e.g., proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, liver, and pancreas) were less affected by feed restriction and responded more quickly to refeeding than the whole body.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1995

Influence of supplemental dietary fat on changes in vitamin E concentration in livers of poults.

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of supplemental dietary fat on alpha-tocopherol (TOC) stored in the livers of young turkeys during the first 21 d after hatching. The four dietary treatments were obtained by supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet with 8% sucrose (SUC), 8% animal-vegetable fat (AVF), 8% tallow (TAL), or 8% coconut oil (COC). All diets were supplemented with 12 IU of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E)/kg of diet. Body weight at 21 d of age was not affected by dietary fat, whereas feed efficiency was improved (P < .05) by added fat, irrespective of source. Liver TOC (micrograms per gram of liver and micrograms per total liver weight) decreased markedly between 1 to 14 d of age, irrespective of fat source. Average TOC concentration in liver was 78.9 micrograms/g at 1 d, but was only .5 microgram/g at 14 d. Between 14 and 21 d of age, total liver TOC increased slightly in all treatment groups. No diet effect was observed on the liver TOC concentration until 21 d of age. At this time, poults fed TAL had less (P < .05) TOC in liver than those fed COC and AVF. The data show that neither the presence of supplemental dietary fat nor fat source changed the pattern of marked decrease in liver TOC during the first 14 d after hatching.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of early immune stress and changes in dietary metabolizable energy on the development of newly hatched turkeys. 1. Growth and nutrient utilization.

Two experiments were conducted to document the effects of an early immunologic stress and changes in dietary ME(n) on growth and nutrient utilization of newly hatched turkeys. Treatments in both experiments consisted of a complete factorial arrangement of two types of injection and four isonitrogenous diets. Turkeys were injected i.p. with saline (SAL) or a solution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 micrograms LPS/mL SAL) at 1, 3, and 5 d of age. In Experiment 1, two diets were formulated to contain 2,800 kcal ME(n)/kg. One was a corn-soybean meal-based diet (CSBM) and the other contained 8% Solkafloc (SKF). A third diet (3,100 kcal ME(n)/kg) was formulated by substituting 8% sucrose (SUC) for the 8% SKF. The fourth diet included in Experiment 1 was formulated to contain 3,700 kcal ME(n)/kg. The CSBM and SUC diets were also included in Experiment 2. Two additional diets tested in Experiment 2 were the CSBM diet containing 74.5 mg ibuprofen/kg (IBU) and a corn-soybean meal-based diet with a ME(n) value of 3,100 kcal/kg (CS31). Injection with LPS reduced (P < .05) BW of turkeys throughout Experiment 1 and until 9 d of age in Experiment 2, as compared with injection with SAL, irrespective of dietary treatment. The reduction in BW was mainly due to a decrease in feed intake (FI) (P < .05). Turkeys fed diets with 3,100 kcal ME(n)/kg were heavier (P < .05) than those fed diets with 2,800 kcal ME(n)/kg, irrespective of injection. Inclusion of ibuprofen to the CSBM diet from 1 to 14 d improved (P < .05) BW and feed efficiency (P < .01) of turkeys at 14 d of age, compared with turkeys fed the CSBM diet. Determined ME(n) was not affected by LPS injection. Adverse effects of LPS injection on growth of turkey poults were mainly the consequence of a reduced FI and not of altered nutrient utilization. These effects were not fully alleviated by feeding a diet with 3,100 kcal ME(n)/kg.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1995

Effects of early immune stress and changes in dietary metabolizable energy on the development of newly hatched turkeys. 2. Selected characteristics of immune function.

Two 21-d experiments were conducted to document the effects of an early immunologic stress and changes in dietary ME(n) on selected characteristics of immune function of newly hatched turkeys. Eight treatments were included in each experiment. Treatments were the result of complete factorial arrangements of two types of injection and four isonitrogenous diets. Turkeys in both experiments were injected i.p. with .5, .5, and .2 mL of saline (SAL) or .5, .5, and .2 mL of a solution of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 micrograms LPS/mL SAL) at 1, 3, and 5 d of age, respectively. In Experiment 1, two diets were formulated to contain 2,800 kcal ME(n)/kg. One was a corn-soybean meal based diet (CSBM) and the other contained 8% Solkafloc (SKF). A third diet (3,100 kcal ME(n)/kg) was formulated by substituting 8% sucrose (SUC) for the 8% SKF. The fourth diet (HE) included in Experiment 1 was formulated to contain 3,700 kcal ME(n)/kg. The CSBM and SUC diets and two additional diets were tested in Experiment 2. The latter were the CSBM diet containing 74.5 mg ibuprofen/kg (IBU) and a corn-soybean meal diet formulated to contain 3,100 kcal ME(n)/kg (CS31). Concentrations of plasma IgG and jejunal IgG and IgA were not affected by injection or diet. Age-related changes in Ig concentrations were consistently observed in Experiments 1 and 2. Injection with LPS reduced the number or responses of blood leukocytes to mitogens at 8 d of age (P < .01), as compared with samples from turkeys injected with SAL. Leukocytes in whole blood samples from turkeys fed the HE diet responded less to LPS stimulation than those fed the SUC diet (P < .01). Injection with LPS did not markedly affect the characteristics of immune function studied, and feeding a diet with 3,100 kcal ME(n)/kg and 28.5% crude protein did not measurably affect the characteristics of immune function of young turkeys.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1995

Effect of early nutrient restriction on broiler chickens. 2. Performance and digestive enzyme activities.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of two early nutrient restriction programs on performance, selected characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and activities of digestive enzymes of broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty male broiler (Ross x Ross) chicks kept in floor pens were assigned to three groups. The control group (C) was given ad libitum access to feed from 1 to 48 d of age. Another group was restricted from 11 to 14 d (R4) of age to an energy intake of .74 x BW.67 kcal ME/d, and a third group was restricted from 7 to 14 d (R7) of age to an energy intake of 1.5 x BW.67 kcal ME/d. Then, both restricted groups were given ad libitum access to feed through 48 d. Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly and selected carcass characteristics were measured at 48 d of age. Broilers also were sampled at 7, 14, 21, and 42 d of age to obtain data on components of the GIT (proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, and small intestine) and activities of selected digestive enzymes. Feed-restricted groups were lighter in body weight (P < .01) at 14 and 48 d of age than the C group but were superior in overall feed efficiency. No treatment effects were observed for percentage yields of breast meat and abdominal fat pad. Absolute weights of GIT components were significantly reduced at 14 d of age by feed restriction. However, GIT components increased in weight more quickly after refeeding than did the whole body. Restricted groups had reduced (P < .01) specific activities of jejunal alkaline phosphatase and pancreatic trypsin, amylase, and lipase as compared with the C group at 14 d of age but not at 21 and 42 d of age. Relative activities for jejunal maltase and sucrase were greater (P < .01) at 21 d of age in the R4 and R7 groups than in the C group. The present data show that feed restriction results in transient changes in organs and activities of digestive enzymes, suggesting a functional adaptation to feed restriction.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Nutritional value for growing turkeys of corn of light test weight.

An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between test weight of corn and growth, efficiency of feed utilization, nutrient retention, and carcass composition of young turkeys. The MEn values of corn were also measured. Two samples of corn differing substantially in test weight were fed to male turkey poults (Nicholas Large White) from 1 to 20 d of age. The test weights of the light-weight corn and the normal-weight corn were 55 kg/hL (43 lb/bu) and 70 kg/hL (54 lb/bu), respectively. The light-weight corn was lower in crude protein concentration (6.63%) than the normal-weight corn (8.53%). The determined MEn of the corn samples did not differ (3.22 vs 3.25 kcal/g). The light-weight corn diet had modest adverse effects on growth and feed efficiency of poults during the 1 to 7 d after hatching. Poult carcass composition and retention of nitrogen and energy were not affected by the test weight of corn.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Dietary carnitine did not influence performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens and young turkeys fed low- or high-fat diets.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of supplemental dietary carnitine on performance and carcass composition of young turkeys and broiler chickens. Experiments 1 and 2 were done with poults to 21 d of age and broilers to 45 d of age, respectively. Three dietary concentrations of L-carnitine (0, 50, or 100 mg/kg) were fed in a factorial arrangement with two concentrations of animal-vegetable fat (A-V fat), 2.25 or 8% in Experiment 1 and 1 or 5% in Experiment 2. L-Carnitine did not affect (P > .05) BW gain or feed efficiency in either experiment, irrespective of concentration of dietary fat. Similarly, proximate composition of 21-d-old poults and 45-d-old broilers was not changed by L-carnitine. Increasing levels of fat supplementation improved feed efficiency of poults and improved 45-d BW and feed efficiency of broilers. Carcass fat of poults and broilers was increased (P < or = .05) by supplemental fat at the expense of carcass water and protein.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Influence of amino acid supplementation of low-protein diets and metabolizable energy feeding sequence on performance and carcass composition of toms.

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation of low-protein diets and of MEn feeding sequence on performance and selected carcass characteristics of turkey toms. Feeding diets containing 93 or 100% of the protein and 100% of the EAA concentrations recommended by NRC (1984) or a diet containing 93 and 107% of the recommended protein and EAA concentrations, respectively, had no effect on BW or feed efficiency of toms at 104 or 117 d of age. Dietary protein-EAA concentrations also had no effect on carcass and breast meat yields or proximate composition of carcasses at 105, 112, or 118 d of age, irrespective of MEn feeding sequence. Feeding diets supplying 108% of the MEn concentrations (MH) listed by NRC from 41 to 104 d improved BW (P < .02) and feed efficiency (P < .01) as compared with feeding 102% (M) of the MEn listed by NRC, but only the improvement in feed efficiency was evident at 117 d. Feeding diets supplying 108% MEn from 41 to 104 d, followed by the 102% MEn diet from 104 to 117 d (MHM), resulted in the same 117-d BW and feed efficiency as feeding the MH MEn sequence from 41 to 117 d. Metabolizable energy feeding sequence had no consistent effect on carcass or breast meat yields. Feeding the MHM sequence decreased (P < .05) fat pad and carcass fat of toms processed at 105, 112, and 118 d, compared with the MH feeding sequence. However, fat pad and carcass fat of toms fed the MHM MEn sequence generally exceeded those of toms fed M MEn diets from 1 d to time of processing.

Amino Acids, Essential↗

PubMed1993

Research note: vitamin E status of turkey poults as influenced by different dietary vitamin E sources, a bile salt, and an antioxidant.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of level and chemical form of dietary vitamin E on alpha-tocopherol status of poults. The effects of a dietary bile salt and an antioxidant on concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in serum and liver were also tested. Six dietary treatments were obtained by supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet with 12 IU of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA)/kg (LE), 12 IU of TA plus 800 mg of sodium taurocholate/kg (LB), 12 IU of TA plus 500 mg of ethoxyquin/kg (LS), 12 IU of D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate (TPGS)/kg (LT), 100 IU of TA/kg (HE), and 100 IU of TPGS/kg (HT). Growth rate and feed efficiency of poults were unaffected (P > .05) by dietary treatments. The HE diet increased alpha-tocopherol in liver (P < .01) at 14 and 21 days of age. Liver and serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations were unaffected by dietary TPGS (LT and HT diets) at any age. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentration was unaffected by dietary treatments at 5 days of age. The HE diet, however, increased (P < .01) serum alpha-tocopherol at 9, 14, and 21 days of age. Age-related changes in alpha-tocopherol concentration were observed. Both liver and serum alpha-tocopherol decreased markedly from 1 to 14 days of age. The HE diet only partly alleviated the reduction of alpha-tocopherol in liver and serum. The water-soluble form of vitamin E, TPGS, dietary sodium taurocholate, or dietary ethoxyquin, did not prevent the marked decline in alpha-tocopherol concentration of liver and serum during the 21-day experiment.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Dietary effects on stunting syndrome in poults.

Experiments were done to determine the effect of feeding diets of different ingredient composition to poults experimentally infected with stunting syndrome (SS) at 1 day of age. In Experiment 1, feeding a complex diet (CPX) containing fish meal and sunflower meal as the main protein sources eliminated the adverse effects of SS inoculation on performance traits as compared with SS effects on poults fed a corn and soybean meal (CS) diet. In Experiments 2 and 3, the effects of SS were more severe than in Experiment 1. In these experiments, the CPX diet only partly overcame the adverse effects of SS on performance (i.e., in Experiment 2, growth depressions from 2 to 5 days of age were 90.3 and 59.6% in SS-inoculated poults fed the CS and CPX diets, respectively, as compared with uninoculated, control poults fed the same diets). Properties of the CPX diet that made it effective in reducing the severity of SS were not evident from the results of Experiment 3. Replacing soybean meal with soy protein or canola meal was ineffective as compared with the use of a mixture of sunflower meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal.

Animal Feed↗