Parallel pathways in the retina of Old and New World primates.
Old-world simians are all trichromats, but in most new-world primates there is a polymorphism; males are dichromats but most females are trichromats. In the old world simian, luminance and red-green chromatic channels defined by psychophysical experiments have as a basis parasol ganglion cells of the magnocellular (MC) pathway and midget ganglion cells of the parvocellular (PC) pathway respectively. Small bistratified ganglion cells provide a basis for a blue-yellow chromatic channel, which should probably be considered a separate entity. In both dichromatic and trichromatic new-world animals, the MC pathway and the small bistratified, blue-yellow system seem anatomically and physiologically similar to those in their old-world relatives. The midget ganglion cells of the parvocellular pathway in trichromats are anatomically and physiologically similar to the old-world pattern. In dichromatic animals, they are anatomically similar and physiologically resemble those of trichromatic animals, except for the lack of chromatic opponency. We conclude that these three systems may from a basic pattern for the visual pathway of primates. However, the results from dichromats indicate that the evolution of trichromacy may be found to be more complex than presently supposed.