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Biomedical subjects

J Knodel

Publications and source records attributed to J Knodel.

53 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Response reliability in a longitudinal survey in Thailand.

The two rounds of the National Longitudinal Study in Thailand provide a useful opportunity to explore response reliability in a large-scale social and demographic survey in a developing country. The results indicate that nonrandom reliability at the individual level ranged from quite high (for several straightforward, facual questions) to quite low (for most attitudinal questions). There was considerable distributional stability, however, even for many of the variables with low individual-level reliability. In terms of its response reliability, the Thai study compares reasonably well with several leading US fertility surveys. However, in both countries response reliability at the individual level for attitudinal questions is distressingly low. This clearly should be a matter of major concern for social scientists using survey results.

Demography↗
PubMed1977

The impact of breast feeding patterns on the biometric analysis of infant mortality.

A major assumption of the biometric analysis of infant mortality as developed by Bourgeois-Pichat is that the age structure of infant deaths after the first month of life is virtually constant across time and cultures. Reanalysis of results from studies which compare the mortality of infants according to the type of feeding indicated that the relationship between mortality and age within the first year of life followed different patterns for breast fed and artificially fed infants. Historical data for populations with different breast feeding customs reveal similar differences in the age pattern of infant mortality. In populations where breast feeding was uncommon or of very short duration, infant mortality rises particularly steeply during the early months of the first year of life. The age structure of infant mortality in less developed countries where breast feeding is decreasing rapidly may bsimilarly affected. When substantial deviations from the linear relationship are evident, particular caution is required in applying the biometric technique, since in such situations the estimated endogenous mortality is very much affected by the particular set of data points within the first year of life which are chosen for the basis of the estimates.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

[Not Available].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Demography↗
PubMed1976

Preferences for sex of children in Thailand: a comparison of husbands' and wives' attitudes.

Findings on sex preference for children from a Thai national survey show substantial differences for men and women. Married women appear to have a weak or moderate preference for sons, coexisting with a desire to have at least one child of each sex. Their husbands' preference for sons is noticeably more pronounced. Son preference is strongest among urban ethnic Chinese men but is also substantial among ethnic Thai men. There is also some evidence that men like to have at least one daughter. The contrasting patterns of sex preferences found for men and women in Thailand suggest that results can be misleading if studies of sex preferences for children are based exclusively on samples of married women.

Attitude↗
PubMed1975

Fertility and family planning in Thailand: results from two rounds of a national study.

The Longitudinal Study of Social, Economic, and Demographic Change was undertaken during the late 1960s to provide detailed national information on behavior and attitudes related to fertility and family planning in Thailand. Results from the second round of the study indicate that the practice of family planning increased substantially in both rural and urban areas during the three-year interval between the two rounds. During this period, marital fertility registered a decline in the urban areas. This was a result of a small rise in fertility among Bangkok-Thonburi women combined with a sharp decline in fertility among provincial urban women. Because the National Family Planning Program was officially begun at the time of the first round, its role in the increase in contraceptive use is examined. Although the study shows that the desired number of children is substantially below the actual number of children Thai womenhave by the end of their reproductive years, the desired number of children is still well above the number usually considered ideal in developed countries. Nonetheless, changes in reproductive behavior appear to reflect the impact of modernization on Thai society. In urban areas, marital fertility is only moderately high and a substantial proportion of couples practice family planning. Of particular importance over the remainder of the decade will be the reproductive behavior of rural women, who constitute an extremely high proportion of the Thai female population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant feeding practices in Thailand: an update from the 1987 Demographic and Health Survey.

Data from the Thai Demographic and Health Survey, conducted in 1987, confirm evidence from earlier surveys that the decline in the duration of breastfeeding evident during the 1970s came largely to a standstill in the 1980s. In addition, the proportion initiating breastfeeding, while high throughout the period, has increased to the point where, at the national level, it is now close to universal. These changes coincide with efforts, primarily undertaken or coordinated by the Ministry of Public Health, to promote breastfeeding and discourage use of breast milk substitutes. While substantial socioeconomic differentials in the duration of breastfeeding exist, initiation is common even among the groups that breastfeed for the shortest period of time. Breastfed children are generally given supplemental foods or liquids at very early ages. It is common to breastfeed children relatively frequently during the day and evening. Bottles with nipples are used to provide supplementary food to breastfed children by a substantial proportion of mothers. Most use of bottles with breastfed children is not for the provision of infant formula but for other types of supplemental food.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive practice and fertility in Thailand: results of the Third Contraceptive Prevalence Survey.

The Third Contraceptive Prevalence Survey in Thailand was conducted in 1984. Results indicate a continuation of the rapid rise in contraceptive use among married couples that has been taking place over the past 15 years. Prevalence levels are approaching those common in economically advanced countries. Sterilization is now the most common method, although a fairly broad range of other methods is also widely used. Only modest levels of unmet need for contraception for either limiting family size or spacing children now exist. Fertility rates have fallen since the previous survey, done three years earlier, but to a lesser extent than would be expected from the increased use of contraceptives. Family size preferences are concentrated at small family sizes. A comparison between the Buddhist majority and Moslem minority, made possible through a special sample design, reveals substantial differences between the two groups. Contraceptive use is lower and fertility levels and preferences are higher among Moslems than among Buddhists.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant feeding practices, postpartum amenorrhea, and contraceptive use in Thailand.

The findings from Thailand's 1984 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey suggest that an earlier trend toward reduced breastfeeding may have halted, with the initiation of breastfeeding virtually universal in rural areas and very common in urban areas. Breastfeeding duration, although quite prolonged on average, shows substantial rural-urban, regional, and educational differences. The introduction of supplemental food including infant formula and, to a much lesser extent, condensed milk, is very common and occurs when the infant is very young. Thus duration of breastfeeding in the absence of any supplemental food is very short, with a median duration of only one month. A sizeable minority of women start practicing contraception during postpartum amenorrhea. As amenorrhea is of only moderate duration, however, the extent of overlap in protection against pregnancy is very modest. Furthermore, the resumption of menses is clearly associated with a substantial increase in contraceptive practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring accessibility to family planning services in rural Thailand.

There are a variety of ways to conceptualize and measure accessibility to contraceptive services and supplies. Using detailed data for rural Thailand, a multiplicity of reasonable measures are developed that reflect time and/or distance to various government program outlets. Many of these are only moderately correlated with one another, and to an important extent, different measures show different associations with levels of contraceptive prevalence. Clearly there is a general need in this area of investigation to pay more attention to the measurement of accessibility as a community characteristic and to consider the sensitivity of results to alternate measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual networking in provincial Thailand.

Thailand is currently experiencing a major HIV epidemic, spread primarily through heterosexual contact. Patronage of prostitutes is relatively common. In-depth, open-ended interviews were conducted in a Central Thai province with a purposive sample of 181 urban men who had had sexual relations with at least two different women during the prior year. Additional qualitative information is provided by interviews with 50 women. The most common network pattern for men was a combination of commercial and noncommercial sexual relationships. Men reported that they commonly used condoms when they engaged in sex with prostitutes, but condom use was lowest for men who were the most frequent patrons. In noncommercial, nonmarital relationships, men screen partners for risk rather than practice safe sex, and condom use is generally low. Persons involved in noncommercial sexual networks are largely unaware that their partner may link them to a larger network of sexual contacts and associated risks of HIV infection. Men who have both commercial and noncommercial sexual partners can be found throughout the social strata. A program that focuses only on the closed commercial sex network will address only partially the real risk situations.

Condoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility and family planning in Vietnam: evidence from the 1994 Inter-censal Demographic Survey.

Results from the 1994 Vietnam Inter-censal Demographic Survey reveal substantial change over recent years in reproductive behavior and attitudes. Fertility has continued to decline to a level not far above a total fertility rate of three children per woman. Compared with the late 1980s, contraceptive knowledge has broadened and contraceptive prevalence has increased, reaching a level of 65 percent of currently married women of reproductive age. The dominance of the IUD among modern methods has been reduced somewhat. Stated family-size preferences have shifted noticeably downward. Recently married women indicate that they want only 2.3 children, on average, suggesting that fertility will continue to fall in coming years. These findings suggest that Vietnam is in the midst of a transition that will lead to low levels of fertility in the near future.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive preferences and fertility trends in post-transition Thailand.

Two large national surveys in 1988 and 1933 provide new evidence on trends in family-size preferences in Thailand at a time when the Thai fertility transition is reaching its conclusion. Although the average preferred number of children has continued to decline, a resistant lower bound of two children is found for the vast majority of respondents, stemming, apparently, from a pervasive, although not inflexible, desire to have one child of each sex. Moreover, new evidence from birth-registration data indicates that the decline in the total fertility rate appears to have leveled off at about replacement level. These findings challenge the view that fertility in Thailand will continue to fall well below replacement level, and contradict recently expressed alarmist predictions of population decline in the foreseeable future.

Adolescent↗