Biomedical subjects

J Kendall

Publications and source records attributed to J Kendall.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Fighting back: promoting emancipatory nursing actions.

Poverty, education, and social problems are inextricably linked to health concerns and cannot be addressed in isolation from each other. Nurses are being challenged to care for clients who are socially, politically, and economically disadvantaged. The model of emancipatory nursing actions is derived from the work of Freire, Habermas, and Katz and presented as a practice model in guiding nurses to begin choosing actions that seek to help people fight back from the depths of their despair, rather than helping people cope and adapt to their oppression. Emancipatory interventions are provided to help nurses launch a new direction toward freeing their clients, rather than herding them through an uncaring and disjointed health and social service system.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Flow cytometric analysis of membrane CD11b, CD11c and CD14 expression in acute myeloid leukaemia: relationships with monocytic subtypes and the concept of relative antigen expression.

Blast cells from 26 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were examined, by single and "two-colour" flow cytometry, for relationships between membrane CD11b (monoclonal antibody OKM1), CD11c (KB90) and CD14 (Leu-M3). Increased expression of all three determinants was associated with myelomonocytic leukaemias, with their relative diagnostic value in discriminating monocytic (M4 and M5) from non-monocytic (M1, M2 and M3) subtypes being CD14 greater than CD11c greater than CD11b. However, the results also indicated, because of the heterogenous expression of CD11c in particular, and to a lesser extent CD11b, that the patterns or histograms of fluorescent staining were potentially more informative than an empirical subdivision of blasts into positive and negative subpopulations. In addition, analysis of phenotypic correlations by simultaneous two-colour fluorescence showed that the expression of CD11b and CD11c determinants by leukaemic myeloid blasts was highly correlated, in contrast to the expression of CD14 and CD11c which were relatively independent. Consequently, CD11c+ myeloid blasts almost always coexpressed CD11b whereas CD14+ cases of AML often comprised CD14+ CD11c+ and CD14+ CD11c- subpopulations. It is concluded from these observations that CD11c immunophenotyping is a useful supplementary investigation, particularly in CD14- cases of myelomonocytic leukaemia. However, it is also apparent that the presence of membrane CD11c per se is not lineage-specific and that the level of expression is perhaps a more discriminatory factor.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1989

Granulocyte transfusion therapy and amphotericin B: adverse reactions?

One hundred twenty-five granulocyte transfusions were given concurrently with amphotericin B to 31 granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia during a four year period. Twenty-six patients had culture-documented, and 5 had presumed fungal infections; pulmonary infiltrates were present in 26 patient courses. Eight patients developed pulmonary deterioration temporally related to therapy with amphotericin, granulocyte transfusions, or both. One event occurred following amphotericin alone. Three additional reactions occurred in alloimmunized patients with antibodies to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) who received random donor granulocytes, which may indicate a potential mechanism for the pulmonary reactions. Two reactions potentially represent an adverse interaction between amphotericin and granulocytes, but these were reversible and were not unlike reactions expected with each modality alone. Our data fail to document a specific detrimental interaction between granulocyte transfusions and amphotericin beyond the reactions associated with each modality, and the data suggest that other clinical factors, particularly infection and alloimmunization, also contribute to pulmonary decompensation. We nevertheless recommend great care and attention be given to administering these modalities in the setting of severely ill patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Diagnostic application of monoclonal antibody KB90 (CD11c) in acute myeloid leukaemia.

The expression of membrane CD11c by leukaemic blast cells was examined (indirect immunorosetting) in 75 cases of acute leukaemia (myeloid, n = 60; lymphoid, n = 15) and evaluated as a potential marker for the diagnostic discrimination between monocytic (AMML-M4 and AMoL-M5) and non-monocytic (M1, M2 and M3) AML subtypes. Preliminary studies of normal bone marrow cells indicated that CD11c expression was not restricted to cells of monocytic lineage but was also present, with apparent lower density, on significant proportions of mature and immature granulocytes. Examination of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) subtypes revealed that the non-monocytic leukaemias (n = 33) were CD11c-, defined as less than 30% positive cells, whereas all but one of the AMML-M4 (n = 13) and AMoL-M5 (n = 14) cases were CD11c+. All 15 cases of lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) showed less than 5% CD11c+ blasts. Membrane CD11c expression was also compared to the more widely used markers of monocytic differentiation; cytoplasmic alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and membrane CD14 expression. This analysis showed that all 13 AMML-M4 leukaemias studied, including seven cases that were CD14- and eight that were ANAE-, were CD11c+. In addition, the AMoL-M5 cases (all of which were ANAE+) could be phenotypically subdivided into CD11c+ CD14+ (n = 9), CD11c+ CD14- (n = 4) and CD11c- CD14- (n = 1) subgroups. The study also confirmed that the discriminitive ability and sensitivity of the immunorosetting procedure for the detection of membrane CD11c compared favourably to immunofluorescent staining intensities as measured by flow cytometry.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1989

Doing well with AIDS: three case illustrations.

This report focuses on the abilities of three people diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) to maximize their state of well-being. The purpose of this ongoing investigation is to identify factors that may help enhance AIDS patients' states of well-being, ultimately achieving the provision of holistic and life-giving nursing care. A naturalistic approach was used to generate an understanding of the concept, "doing well." Five themes regarding "doing well" with AIDS emerged from the interview data. These themes include: autonomy/mastery over the disease; existential/spiritual journey toward understanding; self-acceptance; staying active and involved; and positive thinking. Nursing implications of these themes are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1988

Characterization of a nonstructural phosphoprotein of two orbiviruses.

A phosphorylated nonstructural protein, NS2, was detected in bluetongue and African horsesickness virus (BTV and AHSV) infected-radiolabeled-cell lysates by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE). The NS2 proteins of both viruses have similar migration on one-dimensional (1D) 10% SDS-PAGE. Examination of infected cell lysates on two-dimensional (2D) gels (isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE) separated two phosphorylated isoelectric forms of BTV NS2 and four phosphorylated forms of AHSV NS2. The isoelectric points of both species of BTV NS2 were acidic relative to all forms of AHSV NS2. Nonphosphorylated NS2 polypeptides were not detected by 2D gels. A nonphosphorylated host protein, which comigrated with NS2 on 1D gels, could be distinguished from viral proteins by isoelectric focusing on 2D gels. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elution profiles of NS2 tryptic peptides from the two orbiviruses were compared. Three 32P-labeled tryptic peptides were generated from both AHSV and BTV NS2 proteins, which had been isolated and eluted from SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The elution profile from reverse phase HPLC was very similar for the tryptic phosphopeptides; in contrast, 35S-labeled tryptic peptides displayed considerable differences in elution profiles for the two NS2 proteins. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed only phosphoserine in hydrolysates of BTV and AHSV NS2.

African Horse Sickness Virus↗

PubMed1985

Capsid intermediates assembled in a foot-and-mouth disease virus genome RNA-programmed cell-free translation system and in infected cells.

Structural protein complexes sedimenting at 140S, 70S (empty capsids), and 14S were isolated from foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells. The empty capsids were stable, while 14S complexes were relatively short-lived. Radioimmune binding assays involving the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to six distinct epitopes on type A12 virus and polyclonal antisera to A12 structural proteins demonstrated that native empty capsids were indistinguishable from virus. Infected cell 14S particles possessed all the neutralizing epitopes and reacted with VP2 antiserum. Cell-free structural protein complexes sedimenting at 110S, 60S, and 14S containing capsid proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 are assembled in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate programmed with foot-and-mouth viral RNA. These structures also contain the six epitopes, and cell-free 14S structures like their in vivo counterparts reacted with VP2 antiserum. Capsid structures from infected cells and the cell-free complexes adsorbed to susceptible cells, and this binding was inhibited, to various degrees, by saturating levels of unlabeled virus. These assays and other biochemical evidence indicate that capsid assembly in the cell-free system resembles viral morphogenesis in infected cells. In addition, epitopes on the virus surface possibly involved in interaction with cellular receptor sites are found early in virion morphogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The Blo-Bag, a disposable spacer.

" Blo -Bag", a new disposable spacer device, has been tested in conjunction with Duovent metered dose inhaler. Duovent produced a significant bronchodilatation for the duration of the study. When delivered by the " Blo -Bag" it produced a significantly greater increase in peak expiratory flow rate than when delivered by metered dose inhaler. There were no significant side effects.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after long term suppression by aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone.

Little data are available concerning recovery of adrenal function after prolonged inhibition of steroidogenesis by enzyme inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide (AG), a potent blocker of adrenal steroid biosynthesis, combined with physiological replacement doses of hydrocortisone (HC) is currently being used to treat women with metastatic breast carcinoma. We studied the time-course of recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after prolonged drug therapy in 10 women. Fifteen hours after stopping AG-HC therapy, 0900 h serum cortisol levels were normal [12.9 +/- 3.4 (SEM) micrograms/100 ml], but increments observed after provocative stimulation were blunted. However, the cortisol responses to both insulin-induced hypoglycemia and cortrosyn stimulation normalized 36 and 42 h after stopping AG and HC therapy. In addition, the concentration of plasma ACTH peaked at 175 +/- 9.3 pg/ml 15 min after the nadir of hypoglycemia. Adrenal histology in two patients who died while on chronic AG and HC therapy showed hypertrophic cells with large amounts of finely vacuolated cytoplasm in the zona fasciculata but no other abnormalities. We conclude that recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is complete within 36 h after discontinuing chronic AG and HC therapy. This is in contrast to the prolonged suppression observed after chronic therapy with pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1981

Corticotropin/beta-lipotropin biosynthesis, processing, and release in Nelson's syndrome.

Biosynthesis and processing of ACTH/beta-lipotropin was studied in Nelson's syndrome pituitary tumor tissue grown in monolayer culture. Radiolabeled peptides were immunoprecipitated and fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE). Important findings include: 1) a virtual absence of 13K ACTH or 3.5K beta-endorphin production; 2) evidence indicating the presence of a 24-26K ACTH and beta-LPH containing intermediate (which implies a different order of processing from that reported in the mouse); 3) An extremely rapid rate of turnover and release of ACTH and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) similar to that of the mouse AtT20/D16v pituitary tumors. The latter finding is consistent with an intrinsic pituitary cell defect in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1980

Changes in the rhesus monkey's EEG responses to ethanol during chronic exposure.

This study was designated to document the changes in the CNS response to ethanol during chronic exposure in 5 male, 3.5--5.0 kg rhesus monkeys. Electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the amygdala, hippocampus and the calvarium over the frontal and temporal cortex. Ethanol or control solutions were administered intragastrically through indwelling cannulae. The 1.25 g/kg ethanol challenge dose was administered during EEG recordings. After one challenge dose, the animals received 60 days of chronic alcohol exposure (3.0 g/kg/day increasing to 8.0 g/kg/day). EEG was recorded every 10 days and analyzed by period analysis. Changes in the effect of the challenge dose were assessed by determining the percentage change of the EEG from pre-dose levels to selected times post-dose throughout the chronic alcohol exposure. The EEG response changed significantly during chronic alcohol treatment. Although each structure exhibited a slightly different pattern of change, the overall change was a shift from an excitatory response in the non-tolerant animal to an EEG slowing during chronic exposure. We suggest that such a change may be useful as a diagnostic marker for alcohol tolerance. In addition, the differential nature of the in vivo expression of alcohol tolerance in each brain area suggests that such analysis may provide a valuable tool for understanding the mechanism and expression of alcohol tolerance in the CNS.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1977

Kinetic, hormonal and clinical studies with aminoglutethimide in breast cancer.

Approximately one-third of patients with metastatic breast carcinoma respond to surgical ablative therapy but the morbidity associated with these procedures has limited their use to highly selected patients. Consequently, a chemical method of adrenal suppression was developed using a potent inhibitor of adrenal steroid synthesis, aminoglutethimide, in combination with a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. While this regimen effectively blocked adrenal function, it was complicated by a drug interaction in which aminoglutethimide accelerated the metabolism and reduced the bioavailability of dexamethasone. To overcome this problem, a new regime using aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone, a glucocorticoid less susceptible to altered metabolism, was developed. Kinetic studies confirmed that aminoglutethimide does not interact with hydrocortisone to alter its rate of metabolism. Hormone measurements established that 1000 mg of aminoglutethimide and 40 mg of hydrocortisone daily suppressed DHA-sulfate, androstenedione, estrone, estradiol and aldosterone to a greater extent than the prior protocol using aminoglutethimide and 2-3 mg of dexamethasone. Patients experienced objective tumor regression with equal frequency while receiving the aminoglutethimide-hydrocortisone regimen or aminoglutethimide and dexamethasone and the overall rate of response in 50 evaluable patients was 38%. Side effects occurred frequently in the first few weeks of treatment but disappeared nearly uniformly thereafter. The present aminoglutethimide-hydrocortisone regimen is simple, non-toxic, effective in inhibiting estradiol synthesis and capable of inducing tumor regression as frequently as previously reported with adrenalectomy.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1977