Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J Kaufert.
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The International Workshop "Ethical Issues in Health Research among Circumpolar Indigenous Peoples" was held in Inuvik on June 2-3, 1995 (1). Its purpose was to bring together researchers, representatives of aboriginal organizations and First Nations leaders to discuss problems in the current ethical review process and to develop new frameworks which would increase community participation in the research process. The paper summarizes some of the ethical and political issues involved in developing such frameworks. It describes developments which have occurred since the Inuvik workshop reflecting the changing process of ethical review and new relationships between researchers, participants and aboriginal communities.
Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) and independent living (IL) differentiate their orientations from traditional rehabilitation models and both place significant emphasis on consumer and community participation. Although the formative structural forces and historical roots of the two rehabilitation approaches are very different, comparison of them is necessary for the following reasons. First, the disabled consumers movement is increasingly involved in international work and has fostered the development of organizations in Southern countries which apply an independent living and consumer-based perspective. It is therefore useful to develop a clear understanding of the cultural and historical background of this movement and its rootedness in the North American experience. Secondly, there has been some discussion of introducing the CBR model into North America. While an attractive concept, it is critical to understand that CBR was developed for a very different context. Most importantly, it grew up in the absence of a fully articulated consumer movement or a fully professionalized and elaborated system of rehabilitation. Expansion of both CBR and IL reflects the emerging dialogue and exchange which is transforming both movements.
A community survey and subsequent clinical assessment of 192 Cree aged 65 years and over registered in two Reserves in Northern Manitoba identified only one case of probable Alzheimer's disease among eight cases of dementia, giving a prevalence of 0.5% for Alzheimer's disease and 4.2% for all dementias. This contrasted with an age-adjusted prevalence of 3.5% for Alzheimer's disease and 4.2% for all dementias in an age-stratified sample of 241 English-speaking residents of Winnipeg. Although it was not so for all dementias, the difference between the groups for prevalence of Alzheimer's disease was highly significant (p < .001). The age-specific patterns of all dementias in the two groups were significantly different, however (p = .0254).
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of hypnosis, health education, and behaviour modification programs for cigarette smoking cessation. A randomized clinical trial comparing these three programs and a control group was conducted in 168 volunteers. Follow-up data three weeks after completion was available in 140 subjects. Each program showed significant reductions in reported cigarette consumption and serum thiocyanate levels, an indicator of long-term cigarette consumption, compared to entry and to the control group. However, there were no significant differences between the hypnosis, health education, or behaviour modification groups with respect to the proportion who reported quitting smoking, the number cigarettes smoked or change in serum thiocyanate levels. Reported cigarette consumption ascertained six months later again showed no significant differences between these three approaches. Factors such as subject age, age at starting cigarette smoking, educational level, marital status, spouse or partners smoking did not identify subgroups with differences between treatment responses. Thus, hypnosis, health education, and behaviour modification are each effective programs for changing cigarette smoking and each is equally effective in this regard.
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The results of a 1973 mail questionnaire survey of Chicano medical students are reported. A response rate of 50 percent was achieved, and the results indicate that this group of medical students is similar to the majority of medical students in some respects but diverges widely in other areas, for example, parental socioeconomic status and language use. Differences in ethnic identification within the group were also found. California and Texas are educating the majority of the Chicano students surveyed.