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Biomedical subjects

J Kanto

Publications and source records attributed to J Kanto.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Plasma lidocaine concentrations after different methods of releasing the tourniquet during intravenous regional anaesthesia.

Different methods of tourniquet release have been proposed to decrease the concentrations of local anaesthetic released into the systemic circulation at the end of intravenous regional anaesthesia. The effect of releasing the tourniquet intermittently with 5 seconds (group I) and 30 seconds (group II) deflation periods or at once (group III) was studied in 25 adult patients after intravenous regional anaesthesia with 40 ml of 0.5% lidocaine. The venous plasma lidocaine concentrations from the contralateral arm were measured by gas chromatography. There was no leakage of lidocaine from the occluded arm into the systemic circulation. The mean maximum plasma lidocaine concentration in group I 1.99 +/- 1.45 (SD) microgram/ml, in group II 1.33 +/- 0.54 microgram/ml and in group III 1.56 +/- 0.88 microgram/ml (P greater than 0.05) was below the toxic concentrations reported in the literature. There were subjective complaints such as dizziness and ringing in the ears in 4 out of the 7 patients in group I, in 2 out of the 9 patients in group II and in one of the 9 patients in group III (P greater than 0.05). There was no correlation between the duration of tourniquet time (range 12-87 minutes) and the maximum plasma lidocaine concentration. The intermittent release of the tourniquet did not decrease the venous plasma lidocaine concentrations in the contralateral arm; neither did comparing the lidocaine pharmacokinetics in 5 patients of group II after tourniquet release and in the 5 healthy volunteers after a single 100 mg intravenous lidocaine injection reveal any differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Oral oxazepam as a premedicant in minor surgery.

The clinical effects of oral oxazepam and placebo as premedicants were tested in a double-blind study in 40 gynaecological patients. The gas chromatographically measured concentrations of the active, unconjugated forms of oxazepam in the plasma were correlated with the clinical effects of oxazepam, assessed both subjectively and objectively. The insertion of an intravenous cannula was significantly more difficult (p less than 0.001) in the placebo premedicated group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the cutaneous temperature of the left forefinger. Of the eleven parameters tested there was a significant difference between the oxazepam and placebo group in the quality of sleep on the night before operation (p less than 0.05) and in the degree of preoperative sedation (p less than 0.01). The combined results of the eleven parameters of the oxazepam group also differed positively significantly from the placebo group (p less than 0.01). There was no obvious relationship between the plasma concentration and clinical effect of oxazepam.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1978

Dihydroergotamine: pharmacokinetics and usefulness in spinal anaesthesia.

In a double-blind study, 0.5 mg of dihydroergotamine or the same volume of placebo was used to prevent hypotension caused by spinal anaesthesia. The plasma concentrations of dihydroergotamine were determined by a new radioimmunoassay developed for ergot alkaloids, and pharmacokinetic calculations were based on the equation of a two-compartment open model. No significant changes were observed in the heart rates of the two patient groups. In Group I, which received dihydroergotamine, significant increased in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured after drug administration, and, compared to the base-line measurements before spinal anaesthesia, no significant decreases in systolic or diastolic blood pressures were recorded. In contrast to Group I, there was a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the placebo Group II during spinal anaesthesia. There were no significant differences, however, in the temperature of the great toe between Groups I and II. Dihydroergotamine disappeared quickly from plasma, with a mean alpha-phase half-life of 1.35 min, which explained its rapid effect on blood pressure. Beta-phase half-life (mean 23.20 min), the volume of distribution at beta-phase (mean 0.25 I/kg), and the total plasma clearance (mean 1562.8 ml/min) indicate rapid elimination of the drug from the body.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Urinary electrolyte profiles after amiloride, hydrochlorthiazide and the combination.

Acute effects of amiloride (5 mg) (A), hydrochlorthiazide (50 mg) (H) and the combination (50 + 5 mg) (HA) on urinary electrolyte excretion and pH of ten healthy volunteers--taking placebo five times and twice randomly A and HA and once H--were studied during one day. Amiloride showed a natriuretic effect, which in combination was additive to that of hydrochlorthiazide, but the excretion of water did not increase significantly after A. The urinary excretion of potassium decreased with amiloride below normal levels and was at the level of placebo after the combination (HA). There was a striking linear correlation between urinary sodium and potassium with all the drugs, although showing with A a higher potassium retention during high sodium excretion. Urinary pH rose after A and HA during the first 8 hours, but this effect was not seen, however, after H. No significant differences in the effect of the two brands of A (Medamor and Puritrid) on the urinary electrolyte excretion and pH, nor in those of the two brands of HA (Moduretic and Amitrid) were found. Similarly, the plasma concentrations of hydrochlorthiazide, determined gas chromatographically, were equal after Moduretic and Amitrid tablets. The systemic availability of H was faster in the combination of HA than alone. In the AUC value of H, however, there was no significant difference between HA and H tablets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The effect of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on the contraction of the human gallbladder.

Nitroglycerin (0.5 mg) was administered sublingually either before (n = 10) or after (n = 10) a standard contraction meal (200 ml of cream) during oral cholecystography. In both groups the standard contraction meal caused a significant contraction of the gallbladder. Nitroglycerin had no significant dilatation effect; hence its benefit during an acute attack of pain in a patient with gallstones seems to be questionable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Methylergometrine: comparison of plasma concentrations and clinical response of two brands.

There were no significant differences between the two brands of methylergometrine (methylergonovine), Methergin and Myomergin, in the radioimmunologically measured serum concentrations nor in the AUC after an oral 0.250 mg dose determined on the third or sixth postpartum day during a continuous treatment with methylergometrine 0.125 mg t.i.d., nor were there significant differences in the clinical response to this oxytocic drug. Peak serum concentrations were obtained at 3 hours (Methergin 6.3 nmol/1 and Myomergin 6.0 nmol/1), indicating a delayed gastrointestinal absorption in postpartum females in comparison with healthy male volunteers [6]. Spontaneous complaints of side-effects were rare and mild.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Bioavailability and effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of two erythromycin derivatives.

The concentrations of erythromycin in the serum were comparable after a single 500 mg oral dose of two brands of erythromycin stearate (Resibion and Erythrocin) in six healthy fasting volunteers. There was no significant difference in their pharmacokinetics. Over a period of 24 hours, 4 and 5% of the 500 mg dose of each preparations was excreted in the urine. Analysis of serum erythromycin concentration data were performed according to a one-compartment open model. The short half-life in the serum (1.43-1.78 hours), small portion of the dose excreted in the urine (4-5%), and the low renal clearance value (0.43-0.51 ml/min/kg) indicate that the majority of erythromycin is extensively cleared by extrarenal mechanisms. In addition, serum concentrations of erythromycin were measured during continuous treatment (250 mg base every 6th hour) with erythromycin stearate (Resibion) or enteric-coated erythromycin base (Etromycin) in ten healthy volunteers, in both fasting and non-fasting conditions. Again in the fasting state the serum levels were comparable and those from both the stearate and base were markedly reduced by food.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

The pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine in the beagle.

After single 0.5-mg nad 1.0-mg i.v. injections, dihydroergotamine, as measured by a radioimmunoassay, disappeared quickly from the plasma of beagles, with a mean alpha-phase half-life of 1.32--1.91 min. This explains its effect of rapidly lowering the temperature of the ear of the dog. Its short beta-phase half-life (mean, 40.79--70.13 min), a moderately low volume of ditribution at beta-phase (mean 1.50--3.46 L/kg) and a rather high plasma clearance value (mean, 311.67--587.88 ml/min) indicate a rapid elimination of the drug from the organism. The 24-hr urinary excretion of dihydroergotamine was 2.7% of the 0.5-mg i.v. dose and 2.3% to 3.1% of the 1.0-mg i.v. dose. A measure of the amount of a 7.5-mg p.o. dose of the drug reaching the systemic circulation was obtained from the ratio of the area under the plasma curve after p.o. administration to that after i.v. administration, corrected for the different amounts given by the two routes. Only 1.2--1.4% of the 7.5-mg p.o. dose of dihydroergotamine reached the systemic circulation. There were no significant differences in the plasma levels of dihydroergotamine after a single dose of the two preparations tested, Vasogin (Leiras) and Orstanorm (Sandoz), given either by the oral or intravenous route.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of papaverine on the contraction of the human gallbladder.

In a double-blind study, 40 mg of papaverine (Group I) or the same amount of placebo (1.0 ml of physiological saline, Group II)was injected intravenously in 19 patients to study the effect of papaverine on the contractility of the gallbladder in connection with routine oral cholecystography. In both groups a standard contraction meal (200 ml of cream) caused a significant contraction of the gallbladder (at 30 minutes). Thereafter, intravenously administered papaverine significantly inhibited further contraction caused by the fatty meal, but no significant dilatation was observed. This difference between the two groups lasted throughout the whole study period to 60 minutes after the drug administration. This time period mainly consisted of the distributional alpha-phase of the drug concentrations determined by gas chromatography in the serum. Because no dilation effect on the gallbladder was found, the clinical spasmolytic response to papaverine during an acute attack of pain in a patient with gallstones seems to be questionable.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) concentrations in the human plasma and urine.

There were no significant differeneces in the radioimmunologically determined plasma concentrations of methylergometrine, nor in its 32-hour cumulative urinary excretion after a sinlge 0.250-mg p.o. dose of Methergin (Sandoz) or Myomergin (Leiras). Peak plasma concentrations were obtained as early as 0.5 hours after the drug administration. Approximately 3% of the 0.250-mg p.o. dose was excreted in the urine during a period of 32 hours. In two subjects, after a single 0.20-mg i.v. injection, the beta phase half-life in the plasma was 1.9 hours. From the ratio of the area under the plasma curve after p.o. and i.v. administration in these two subjects, it was estimated that 64% and 63% of the p.o. dose reached the systemic circulation. No cumulation in the plasma was observed after repeated p.o. doses of 0.125 mg of methylergometrine given thrice daily to the two subjects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Intramuscular absorption of dihydroergotamine in man.

In order to prevent hypotension, 1.0 mg of dihydroergotamine (Vasogin) was injected intramuscularly to 10 patients 5 minutes before spinal anaesthesia. The peak plasma concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay as early as at 30 minutes after drug administration, indicating a fast intramuscular absorption. According to the plasma levels the drug has to be given 15-30 minutes before spinal anaesthia.

Absorption↗
PubMed1978

Renin-aldosterone system and urinary electrolytes after amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide and the combination.

Plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion (U-Ald) and electrolyte excretions were studied after a placebo (P) (n = 47) and during the following day randomly after amiloride (A) (5 mg, n = 18), hydrochlorothiazide (H) (50 mg, n = 12) and hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride tablets (HA) (50 + 5 mg, n = 19). After A no change in PRA or in U-Ald could be found in 24 hr. After H an increase in PRA was found, but not until 24 hr, and U-Ald was increased during 8--24 hr. HA possessed a higher saluretic effect than H, but the excretion of potassium was lower. PRA increased in 8 hr after HA and a further increase was seen until 24 hr. U-Ald had already increased after HA during 0--8 hr, and U-ALD was higher during 8--24 hr and 0--24 hr than after H. After HA a positive correlation was found between the increases of sodium excretion and PRA; between U-Ald and PRA a positive correlation was also found; but between potassium excretion and PRA or U-Ald there was no correlation. The results suggest the priority of natriuresis in the regulation of renin release after H and HA. The stronger reaction of the renin-aldosterone system after HA than after H thus may result from the faster and higher natriuretic potency of this combination in acute study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Excretion of methylergometrine (methylergonovine) into the human breast milk.

Methylergometrine concentrations in the maternal plasma and breast milk were determined by a radioimmunoassay during continuous treatment with 0.125 mg of methylergometrine 3 times daily. On the fifth postpartum day at 8:00 a.m. the patients (n=8) took 2 tablets of Myomergin (0.250 mg of methylergometrine) orally, and the levels in the plasma and milk were determined at 1 and 8 hr after the drug administration. Measurable amounts of the drug were found only in 5 out of 16 milk samples. It was concluded that this oxytocic drug does not appear in the breast milk in quantities sufficient to affect the infant. No cumulation in the plasma or in the breast milk was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The effect of intravenously administered proxyphylline and Baralgin on the contraction of the human gallbladder.

In subsequent studies 300 mg of proxyphylline (Group 1) and 1 amp Baralgin (Group 2) were administered intravenously to 20 patients in order to study the relaxing effect of proxyphylline and Baralgin on the contracted gallbladder in connection with routine oral cholecystography. After the standard contraction meal (200 ml cream) the intravenously administered proxyphylline had no relaxing effect on the human gallbladder, whereas Baralgin caused a significant dilation. The dilation effect lasted throughout the whole study period (60 min). Proxyphylline concentrations in the serum, determined by gas-liquid chromatography, proved to be on the therapeutic level which is said to be effective in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease. Because with proxyphylline no dilation effect on the gallbladder was found, the clinical spasmolytic response to proxyphylline during an acute attack of pain in a patient suffering from gallstones seems to be questionable. Baralgin caused a significant dilation effect on the gallbladder, and it seems to be a useful agent in an acute gallstone attack.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Transfer of nitrazepam across the human placenta.

Six women from 14 to 17 weeks pregnant, and 12 woman from 36 to 40 weeks pregnant, were given nitrazepam 5 mg orally about 12 h before legal abortion by hysterotomy in the former group and elective caesarean section in the latter group. The concentration of nitrazepam was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Binding to plasma proteins was evaluated by separation of the protein-free fraction by ultracentrifugation. In the first group (early pregnancy) the level of nitrazepam was found to be lower in the fetal than in the maternal circulation. The concentration in amniotic fluid was still lower. In the latter group (late pregnancy) the concentration both of unbound and total nitrazepam in maternal and fetal plasma were in equilibrium, which indicated an increase in transplancental transfer in late pregnancy. The percentage of unbound nitrazepam in both cases was 12%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Plasma concentrations of propranolol in patients with essential hypertension.

Sixteen patients with essentialy hypertension were treated with propranolol 160 to 640 mg daily for three months. Significant decreases both in recumbent and standing blood pressure were observed after three days treatment and subsequently. Reduction of blood pressure was more pronounced when the dose of propranolol was increased. However, neither the mean dose nor the plasma concentration of propranolol could be correlated with the mean decrease in blood pressure. There was great interindividual variation in the plasma concentrations of propranolol produced by the same daily dose. The initial stimulation of plasma renin activity and the therapeutic response to propranolol could not be correlated.

Adult↗