Pathologic quiz case 2. Leiomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
J Kahn
Publications and source records attributed to J Kahn.
Relationship between energy status, hypoxic cell fraction, and hyperthermic sensitivity in a murine fibrosarcoma.
The energy status, radiobiological hypoxic cell fraction, and hyperthermic sensitivity of a spontaneous murine fibrosarcoma, FSa-II, have been evaluated as a function of tumor size. Tumors were evaluated over the size range of 70 to 800 mm3. The concentration of the high-energy phosphate reservoir creatine phosphate progressively decreased by a factor of 5 with increasing tumor volume, and was matched by an increase in creatine. The concentration of ATP also decreased with increasing tumor size, although this decrease was substantially less pronounced. The sum of ATP, ADP, and AMP did not vary with tumor size, suggesting that the necrotic fraction remained constant. The decrease in energy status occurred in parallel with an increase in the size of the hypoxic cell fraction and with increasing thermal sensitivity. The results suggest that energy status may be an important modifier of hyperthermic sensitivity in vivo and reflect tissue oxygen concentration.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
A human urine-derived interleukin 1 inhibitor. Homology with deoxyribonuclease I.
We have previously reported that the urine of febrile humans contained large quantities of an inhibitor of IL-1-induced murine thymocyte proliferation that was a glycoprotein between 30 and 40 kD in size. In the present study this factor has been purified to homogeneity using a sequence of eight purification steps (ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve chromatography, hydrophobic affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, fast protein liquid chromatography, and two HPLC steps). SDS-PAGE analysis indicates that the purified material is a 38-kD molecule. Evidence based on a partial amino acid sequence analysis as well as enzyme studies indicates that this inhibitor is a type of human DNase I.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Effect of bleomycin on murine tumor cells at elevated temperatures and two different pH values.
The cytotoxic effect of bleomycin, an antibiotic chemotherapeutic agent, at elevated temperatures was investigated. Single cell suspensions of FSa-II tumor cells were treated at elevated temperatures with or without bleomycin either at pH 7.4 or 6.7. Immediately after treatment, cells were cooled and diluted for lung colony assay. Cyclophosphamide of 200 mg/kg was injected i.p. into the recipient mice 48 h before i.v. injection of tumor cells. Lungs were removed 13 days thereafter and fixed in Bouin's solution. Colonies formed on the surface of each lobe were counted, and the surviving fractions were calculated. Cell survival was determined as a function of treatment time at various temperatures. Survival curves following bleomycin treatment at various temperatures were biphasic. Initial steep portion was followed by a resistant tail. The surviving fractions were reduced to 0.1 within 20 min of treatment at pH 7.4 in the temperature range from 39.0 degrees-43.5 degrees C, and 10 min at pH 6.7. The slope of the resistant tail becomes steeper with increasing temperature, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of bleomycin was enhanced at elevated temperatures. The reciprocal of D0 (treatment time to reduce surviving fraction from 1.0 to 0.37 on the exponential portion of survival curve) of the resistant tail was plotted as a function of the treatment temperature, and activation energy was calculated. This analysis indicates that the enhancement of the cytotoxic effect increases with increasing temperature. However, above 42.5 degrees C, this enhancement appears to be dominated by lethal thermal damage.
Animals↗
The effect of hyperthermia on the early and late appearing mouse foot reactions and on the radiation carcinogenesis: effect on the early and late appearing reactions.
The effect of hyperthermia on radiation-induced early- and late-appearing foot reactions was studied in C3Hf/Sed mice derived from our defined flora mouse colony. The animal foot was irradiated with 137Cs gamma-rays under hypoxic, air, or hyperbaric oxygen (O2 30 psi) conditions. Hyperthermia of 43.5 degrees C for 45 min was given locally in a water bath where a constant temperature +/- 0.1 degrees C was maintained. Treatment intervals between the 2 treatments were 20 min and 2 days. For the early-appearing reactions scores taken between the 14th and 35th post-irradiation days were averaged. Late-appearing reactions became apparent after approximately the 200th post-treatment day and increased with time. The foot reaction was enhanced by hyperthermia given 20 min before or after irradiation. Dose response curves for radiation given 20 min after hyperthermia for acute-appearing reactions lacked shoulders, whereas those following the same treatment schedule for late-appearing reactions showed significant shoulders. The thermal enhancement ratios (TER) for score 2.0 (complete epilation) early- and late-appearing reactions depended on the treatment interval and sequence. The TER values were greater for a short treatment interval (20 min.) than for a long treatment interval (2 days). Thermal enhancement was greater for hyperthermia given before irradiation compared to the reverse sequence. The TER values were always smaller for the late-appearing reactions than for the acute-appearing reactions. The relationships between early reaction scores and late reaction scores showed that the late reactions following combined heat and radiation are less extensive than those following radiation alone if they were compared at radiation doses which induced an equal level of early reactions. This difference was most significant at low early reaction scores and decreased with increasing score level.
Aerobiosis↗
Thermochemotherapy-induced resistance to cyclophosphamide.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Intrauterine insemination.
Fifty-six couples with infertility due either to subnormal sperm (n = 40), hostile cervical mucus (n = 5) or idiopathic infertility (n = 11), were treated with intrauterine insemination of washed sperm. A total of 78 treatment cycles were completed. Nine pregnancies resulted from these insemination cycles, giving an overall pregnancy rate of 8.3% per treatment cycle. Eight pregnancies occurred in the andrologic group after 56 treatment cycles. One pregnancy was established in the patient group with idiopathic infertility after 15 treatment cycles, while no pregnancy occurred in the patient group with infertility due to cervical mucus hostility. The mean number of years of infertility in the couples conceiving following treatment was 7 years (range 3-11). The spontaneous pregnancy rate in this patient group is low. The data obtained in this study suggest that in selected patients intrauterine insemination will result in an acceptable pregnancy rate. There is a need for a randomized prospective study designed to compare the efficacy of intrauterine insemination with that of alternative treatment modalities.
Cervix Mucus↗
Enzymatic reactions in the degradation of 5-aminovalerate by Clostridium aminovalericum.
The anaerobic degradation of 5-aminovalerate to valerate, acetate, propionate, and ammonia by Clostridium aminovalericum was shown to involve the following intermediates: glutaric semialdehyde, 5-hydroxyvalerate, 5-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA, 4-pentenoyl-CoA, 2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA, trans-2-pentenoyl-CoA, L-3-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA, 3-ketovaleryl-CoA, acetyl- and propionyl-CoA and the corresponding acylphosphates, valeryl-CoA, and possibly 3-pentenoyl-CoA. With exception of the enzyme presumably reducing 2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA to 3-pentenoyl-CoA, enzymes catalyzing the formation and utilization of the above intermediates were demonstrated in extracts. Trans-2-pentenoyl-CoA was shown to be the immediate precursor of valeryl-CoA. The reduction of 2-pentenoyl-CoA was found to be coupled to the oxidation of 4-pentenoyl-CoA to 2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA. Several enzymes catalyzing the above reactions were partially purified and some of their properties determined. A high pressure liquid chromatography method of identifying and estimating most of the above mentioned CoA thiolesters was developed.
Amino Acids↗
Membrane-associated interleukin 1 activity on human U937 tumor cells: stimulation of PGE2 production by human chondrosarcoma cells.
Membrane-associated interleukin 1 (IL 1) activity was induced on the human macrophage tumor cell line, U937, by pretreatment with phorbol myristic acid (PMA). Incubation of PMA-treated, paraformaldehyde-fixed U937 cells with the murine cell line D10.G4.1 in the presence of concanavalin A caused an increase in DNA synthesis as measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine. Paraformaldehyde-fixed U937, not pretreated with PMA, showed little or no activity. A rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against human IL 1 neutralized all membrane-associated IL 1-like activity, as measured by the inhibition of D10.G4.1 cell proliferation. PMA-treated U937 caused a pronounced enhancement of PGE2 production from a human chondrosarcoma cell line, SW-1353. Membrane-associated IL 1 induced a more potent PGE2 response than did a maximal concentration of soluble IL 1. Rabbit antihuman IL 1 neutralized membrane-bound IL 1 induction of PGE2. The data presented here raise the possibility that membrane-bound IL 1 may play a primary role in the pathophysiology of the inflammatory disease process.
Cell Membrane↗
Effect of UV irradiation on expression of membrane IL 1 by rat macrophages.
The effect of UV-B irradiation on the expression of membrane-associated IL 1 (mIL 1) by rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) was studied. We found that although there was an increase in secreted IL 1 by PAM exposed to UV-B, the expression of mIL 1 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PAM that were allowed to express mIL 1 before UV-B irradiation had a faster decay of mIL 1 activity than unirradiated cells. These data suggested that mIL 1 expression is inhibited by UV-B irradiation, and that under normal circumstances, mIL 1 synthesis and degradation is at a steady state, with the half-life of mIL 1 activity being 24 hr when assayed in an IL 1-dependent cell line proliferation assay. These data indicate that secreted forms of IL 1 and mIL 1 are differentially regulated and that the therapeutic effects of UV irradiation may be due to its inhibition of mIL 1 activity.
Animals↗
Staining with monoclonal antibodies to neurofilaments distinguishes between subpopulations of neurofibrillary tangles, between groups of axons and between groups of dendrites.
A new monoclonal antibody (mab) against neurofilaments is described (mab 1215) and its reactions compared with previously characterized mabs (BF10; RT97). Mab 1215 recognizes an epitope on the heavy neurofilament polypeptide (NF-H). In Alzheimer's disease, mab 1215 recognizes only a subpopulation of neurofibrillary tangles and stains a proportion of tangles in the hippocampus but none of those in the olfactory bulb. However, mabs RT97 and BF10 stain the majority of tangles in both brain areas. Of the three antibodies, only mab BF10 recognizes, specifically, axons of granular cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Mab 1215 recognizes more dendrites in the pyramidal layer than either mab BF10 or mab RT97. Our observations indicate that neurofilaments are not identical in all axons and that, contrary to previous reports, NF-H is present in dendrites. The dendritic form of NF-H appears to be different from NF-H in axons and this could be due to differences in the state of phosphorylation of NF-H. We suggest that the finding that distinct subpopulations of tangles exist indicates that tangles are not static lesions. Further investigations into this possibility may illuminate the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
Aged↗
Effect of temperature on blood flow and hypoxic fraction in a murine fibrosarcoma.
The effect of hypo to hyperthermic temperatures on tumor blood flow and hypoxic cell fractions was studied in a murine fibrosarcoma transplanted in the hind leg of anesthetized mice. The blood flow to the tumor was assessed by the determination of the uptake of Thallium-201; the hypoxic cell fraction was estimated from cell survival curves derived from data based on lung colony assay. Over a temperature range of 18 degrees to 46 degrees C, the maximal blood flow occurred at 35 degrees C which was approximately two times greater than that at room temperature (24 degrees C) or at 39 degrees C. The hypoxic cell fraction at 35 degrees C was 11%, and was significantly less than that at 24 degrees C or at 39 degrees C. The hypoxic cell fractions at 24 degrees C and at 39 degrees C were 45% and 32%, respectively. These results suggest that the optimal radiation sensitivity of peripherally located tumors can be obtained by warming the tumors to temperatures where maximal blood flow and minimal hypoxic cell fraction occur.
Animals↗
Alternaria infection in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Treatment of ectopic pregnancy with laparoscopic resection in a community hospital.
Morbidity associated with the traditional surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy has caused a reexamination of this treatment. Laparoscopy was used successfully in surgically treating 22 patients with ectopic pregnancy. It should be considered for hemodynamically stable patients who have ectopic pregnancy without tubal rupture.
Adult↗
Neurofibrillary tangles and the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Antibodies to neurofilaments and the microtubule-associated protein, tau, have been used with anti-paired helical filament (PHF) serum to study Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. Tangles and their constituent PHF contain epitopes derived from or cross-reactive with both neurofilaments and tau proteins. These same structures are labelled with anti-PHF antibodies. A component of the anti-PHF serum is against tau proteins. We conclude that PHF are at least in part derived from an abnormal neuronal cytoskeleton.
Alzheimer Disease↗
The effect of hyperglycemia on the tumor response to irradiation given alone or in combination with hyperthermia.
The effect of hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose level) on the response of a murine tumor to irradiation given alone or in combination with hyperthermia was studied. Tumors were early generation isotransplants of a spontaneous C3H/Sed mouse fibrosarcoma, FSa-II. Single-cell suspensions were transplanted into the foot, and irradiation was given when each tumor reached an average diameter of 7 mm. Following irradiation, the tumor growth time to reach 1000 mm3 was studied and the dose-response curve between the tumor growth time and radiation dose was fitted. Preadministration of glucose increased the size of the hypoxic and chronically hypoxic cell fractions without altering the slope of the dose-response curve where the chronically hypoxic cell fraction is determined as the fraction of cells which were not oxygenated under hyperbaric oxygen conditions. Hyperthermia given prior to irradiation enhanced the tumor response to irradiation, but simultaneously increased the size of the hypoxic and chronically hypoxic cell fractions. Similar results were observed following hyperthermia given after irradiation. When hyperthermia at 43.5 degrees C was given 24 h before irradiation, the size of the hypoxic cell fraction increased with increasing treatment time, while a substantial decrease in the chronically hypoxic cell fraction was observed. Administration of glucose 60 min before hyperthermia further increased the size of the hypoxic cell fraction. Possible mechanisms explaining why glucose administration increases the hypoxic cell fractions are discussed.
Animals↗
Judicial involvement and conduct problems of fathers of infants born to adolescent mothers.
Data were obtained from retrospective review of 191 patient records to determine the extent and types of conduct problems among fathers of infants born to adolescent mothers. Ninety-eight fathers (51%) reported having committed a legal offense prior to the pregnancy. This rate appears substantially greater than rates of arrests of adolescents in the general population. When paired data for couples were analyzed, there was great similarity for severity of offense. Fathers, however, had committed more severe crimes than their partners. Male offenders came from families of lower socioeconomic status backgrounds and more single-parent families and were less frequently employed or in school (or graduated) than nonoffenders. They also had been more involved with various other problem behaviors, such as a previous pregnancy, drinking behavior, and behavior problems at school. There was a clustering of problem behaviors among offenders suggesting psychosocial maladjustment prior to the pregnancy. Our results suggest an association between fatherhood and delinquency among partners of adolescent mothers. It appears that these fathers form a heterogeneous group. Although some young fathers may be well adjusted, others have significant psychologic problems.
Adolescent↗
Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT)--a review of its morbid anatomy.
The most important morphological findings in dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) are Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, amyloid angiopathy, granulovacuolar degeneration and Hirano bodies. The morphological and immunocytochemical findings in these changes are described, in particular those related to the pathological cytoskeleton. Their possible relationship to the disturbed synthesis of neurotransmitters recently demonstrated is considered, and their relevance for the clinical syndrome of dementia is discussed. Hypothetical etiologies (ageing per se, genetics, infection and chronic intoxication) are briefly mentioned.
Aged↗