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Biomedical subjects

J K Cook

Publications and source records attributed to J K Cook.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Exploring the impact of physician verbal abuse on perioperative nurses.

The purpose of this study is to explore the incidence and impact of physician verbal abuse on perioperative nurses. Roy's Adaptation Model was used as the framework for this descriptive, exploratory study. Seventy-eight perioperative nurses completed the Verbal Abuse Scale questionnaire. Seventy-one nurses (91%) reported experiencing some type of verbal abuse from a physician during the past year. Results show, however, that nurses use adaptive coping behaviors and problem-focused skills to deal with the abuse.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Avian pneumovirus infections of turkeys and chickens.

Avian pneumoviruses (APVs) cause major disease and welfare problems in many areas of the world. In turkeys the respiratory disease and the effect on egg laying performance are clearly defined. However, in chickens, the role of APV as a primary pathogen is less clear, although it is widely believed to be one of the factors involved in Swollen Head Syndrome. The mechanisms of virus transmission over large distances are not understood, but wild birds have been implicated. APV has recently been reported in the USA for the first time and the virus isolated was a different type or possibly a different serotype from the APVs found elsewhere. Good biosecurity is crucial for controlling infection and highly effective vaccines are available for prophylaxis. Although different subtypes and possibly different serotypes exist, there is good cross protection between them. Diagnosis is usually based on serology using ELISAs, but the available kits give variable results, interpretation is difficult and improved diagnostic tests are required.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2000

Avian rhinotracheitis.

Turkey rhinotracheitis, now commonly termed avian pneumovirus (APV) infection, is associated with serious welfare and economic problems in susceptible populations of turkeys and probably also of chickens. The infection principally affects the upper respiratory tract, although egg-laying performance may also be affected in breeding turkeys. Secondary infections exacerbate the effects of the primary virus infection. The virus persists for only a short time both in the host and in the environment and is not known to be transmitted via the egg. Highly effective vaccines are available to control APV infections, and hence good biosecurity and careful use of these vaccines should enable infection to be controlled and spread restricted. Diagnosis and surveillance are normally performed serologically using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Several different ELISA kits are available commercially, but these give variable results and are not wholly satisfactory since interpretation of results is difficult.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A survey of the presence of a new infectious bronchitis virus designated 4/91 (793B).

On the basis of virus isolation and the demonstration of specific neutralising antibody in sera, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) 4/91 (commonly called 793B) has been shown to be present in broiler, breeder and layer flocks of chickens in many parts of western Europe and also in Thailand and Mexico. These flocks had all been vaccinated against infectious bronchitis and the need for improved methods to control this new virus, still prevalent at least four years after it was first isolated, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Demonstration of serum-neutralising antibody to turkey rhinotracheitis virus in serum from chicken flocks in Japan.

Since between 1989 and 1991, broiler, broiler breeder and layer chickens reared in three different prefectures of Japan, Hyogo, Ibaraki, and Miyazaki, were diagnosed clinically as having swollen head syndrome (SHS) these flocks were survey for antibody to turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) virus using a serum neutralisation (SN) test. TRT-specific SN antibody was found in flocks of chickens in 2 out of the 3 prefectures. Thereafter, particular in the summers of both 1993 and 1994 outbreaks of SHS occurred in almost all areas of major chicken production in Japan. Almost chicken flocks affected by SHS possessed TRT SN antibody. No chicken sera collected between 1972 and 1988 possessed any SN antibody to TRT virus. It is suggested that in Japan, TRT virus is widely prevalent in areas of major poultry production.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Protection against turkey rhinotracheitis pneumovirus (TRTV) induced by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the TRTV fusion glycoprotein (F).

A recombinant fowlpox virus was produced which expressed the fusion protein (F) of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV), a pneumovirus. Turkey poults were vaccinated twice, at an interval of 2 weeks, intramuscularly and by wing web on each occasion, with the recombinant or a control fowlpox virus. Two weeks after the second vaccination the poults were challenged superconjunctivally and intranasally with virulent TRTV. A partially protective immune response was achieved; turkeys vaccinated with the F recombinant showed milder clinical signs and 1000-fold less challenge virus was recovered from the nose and trachea compared with turkeys that had been vaccinated with control fowlpox virus. Expression of the F protein induced antibodies which were detectable both by an ELISA and a virus neutralization test. These results show that the immune responses to the F protein play a major role in protection against TRTV and indicate that recombinant viruses expressing the TRTV F protein have potential as vaccines against TRT.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the susceptibility of chicks of different ages to infection with nephrosis/nephritis-causing strain of infectious bronchitis virus.

Two- and 6-week-old chicks were inoculated with the Kagoshima-34 strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus. Serum, bile, Harderian gland, lachrymal fluid, saliva and tracheal washings were collected and their antibody content determined using neutralisation tests. The neutralising antibody (NA) in the serum and bile was detected earlier and in slightly higher concentration in the 6-week-old chicks. Although there was no marked difference in the levels of NA in other body fluids, it was detected earlier in the 6-week-old chicks. In both experiments, the clinical signs were more severe in the 2-week-old chicks. Recovery of virus from the trachea of both ages was not different but virus was recovered for longer in the lungs, kidneys and colon of the 2-week-old chicks. This is the first report wherein IBV-neutralising antibody in the bile is described.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Genetic differences in susceptibility of chicken lines to infection with infectious bursal disease virus.

Mortality rates in 11 inbred and partially inbred chicken lines inoculated with a very virulent strain (CS89) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) varied considerably, being highest (almost 80%) in a Brown Leghorn line (BrL). Bursa of Fabricius to body weight ratios were depressed in the survivors in each line, but no differences were observed between lines. However, histological examination of bursae from survivors showed that, although bursal damage occurred in every line, it was most severe in the two lines (BrL and White Leghorn W1) in which the highest mortality was recorded. Experiments with F1 matings between highly susceptible and highly resistant lines showed that resistance was partially dominant and that there were no maternal effects. Experiments using F2 and backcross chicks suggested the involvement of a single gene and indicated no involvement of the MHC. There was considerable variation between lines in IBDV-specific antibody, measured by ELISA, both in the vaccinated parent hens and in the amounts of inherited maternal antibody and its rate of decay in the progeny.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Characterisation of an infectious bronchitis virus isolated from vaccinated broiler breeder flocks.

Four apparently serologically closely related isolates of infectious bronchitis virus were obtained from two flocks of vaccinated broiler breeders, one mile apart, which were experiencing increased mortality and decreases in egg production. The isolates were serologically distinct from isolates previously described and capable of causing characteristic infectious bronchitis-like respiratory infection in young chicks. In one experiment, the H120 vaccine strain of the virus did not protect the trachea against challenge with the new isolates 21 days later.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the VP2 antigen of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus.

The coding sequences of VP2 from a virulent strain, 52/70, of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were excised from a cDNA clone and inserted into a fowlpox plasmid insertion vector. The resulting plasmid, pIBD 1, was used to construct a recombinant fowlpox virus, fpIBD 1, which expressed VP 2 as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein. Chickens vaccinated with fpIBD 1 at 1 and 14 days of age, were challenged at 28 days with either IBDV strain 52/70 or the highly virulent strain CS 89. These chickens were protected against mortality, but not against damage to the bursa of Fabricius. The protection achieved by the use of fpIBD 1 shows that VP 2 is a host protective antigen.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Effect of in ovo bursectomy on the course of an infectious bronchitis virus infection in line C White Leghorn chickens.

White Leghorn line C chicks were surgically bursectomised (Bx) in ovo to eliminate antibody production. After inoculation with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) at 14 days after hatching, Bx chicks experienced a more severe and longer lasting infection than intact chicks. The severity and duration of clinical infection in the Bx chicks resembled that previously observed in the highly susceptible line 15I chicks, however no increase in mortality was observed, in contrast to the high levels of mortality recorded in IBV-inoculated line 15I chicks. After secondary challenge the degree of damage to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea was greater in the Bx chicks than in the intact chicks. The results indicate that, although antibodies play an important role in recovery from IBV infection, other immunological factor(s) may also be involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A method for the rapid purification of serum IgM for the diagnosis of recent viral infections of chickens.

The rapid purification of chicken IgM from serum was achieved by affinity chromatography. IgM immunoadsorbent gels were prepared using monoclonal antibodies specific to chicken IgM. Five different eluting agents were compared for the dissociation of the adsorbed IgM; the most convenient for routine purposes was 2 M NaCl, Tris-HCl, EDTA (NTE), as this enabled direct assay of eluents by ELISA without requiring the intermediate step of dialysis, which the other eluting agents did. Eluents prepared from sera obtained from infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and infectious laryngotracheitis (ILTV)-infected chickens, together with samples of the same serum fractionated by gel chromatography, were tested by ELISA for virus-specific antibodies and to confirm the identity of the antibody class. In the case of both IBV and ILTV, similar results were obtained using immunoaffinity and gel chromatography. IBV-specific IgM, as determined by both methods in the ELISA, reached its highest concentration at the 8th day after inoculation and was virtually absent by the 24th day, whilst the highest concentration of ILT-specific IgM was detected at 6 days and no or little IgM was present at 16 days after inoculation. Purification of serum IgM by affinity chromatography followed by ELISA was considered suitable for routine serological diagnosis of IB and ILT, since the time required to complete the assay (3 hours) was considerably less than that for gel chromatography and many samples could be assayed simultaneously.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Genetic differences in susceptibility to a mixture of avian infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli.

Two-week-old chickens of 9 inbred and partially inbred lines of chickens were challenged intranasally with a mixed infection consisting of a pool of virulent strains of infectious bronchitis virus and a pool of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. 2. Wide differences in mortality were observed in the different lines, ranging from 3% in a Brown Leghorn line to 87% in White Leghorn line 7(2). 3. Experiments involving challenge with E. coli alone or virus alone suggested that this variation reflected resistance to the virus rather than to E. coli. 4. Reciprocal F1 matings suggested these differences in mortality were not attributable to maternal effects and indicated that the inheritance of resistance was fully dominant. 5. The pattern of mortality in F2 and backcross progeny of matings was compatible with the inheritance of a dominant autosomal resistance gene and showed no evidence of association with the major histocompatibility complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from chickens with colisepticaemia in Morocco.

Sixty-two strains of Escherichia coli were isolated in 58 farms from broiler chickens showing respiratory signs and lesions characteristic of avian colibacillosis. Serological examination of these strains showed that the types 078, 01 and 02 (for the somatic antigen) and K1 (for the capsular antigen) were the most frequently found. Newcastle disease virus was also isolated in two cases. All the strains of E. coli isolated were sensitive to colistin, flumequine and gentamicin. A few strains were resistant to neomycin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim. The frequency of strains resistant to nitrofurans, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin and ampicillin was intermediate. Most strains were resistant to tetracycline. Multiple resistance was common.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Expression of the infectious bronchitis virus spike protein by recombinant vaccinia virus and induction of neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated mice.

A cDNA clone of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) spike protein gene has been recombined into vaccinia virus. Cells infected with the recombinant virus synthesized IBV spike antigen which was recognized by antibody raised against purified spike protein. Immunofluorescence showed that the IBV spike antigen was transported to the infected cell surface membrane and immunoprecipitation showed the presence of the glycosylated 180K mol. wt. polypeptide precursor of the two spike subunits S1 and S2 that comigrated with this antigen from IBV-infected cells. Vaccinated mice produced antibody that recognized the IBV spike antigen by ELISA and which neutralized IBV infectivity as shown by ciliostasis tests on tracheal organ cultures.

Antibody Formation↗