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Biomedical subjects

J J Wade

Publications and source records attributed to J J Wade.

27 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae.

An outbreak strain of Enterococcus faecium, bearing plasmid-mediated vancomycin resistance, and an epidemic gentamicin-resistant, multiply-resistant strain of Enterobacter cloacae, both survived well on fingertips of three volunteers for up to 30 minutes after inoculation. Hand disinfection of inoculated fingers with 60% isopropyl alcohol, or with alcoholic chlorhexidine, reliably gave a 4 log10 reduction of both test organisms. Enterobacter cloacae could not be detected in any finger washings, even by enrichment culture. Chlorhexidine digluconate and povidone-iodine were also effective against E. faecium and Ent. cloacae, giving 4 log10 reductions, but finger washings taken after disinfection yielded low counts of the test strains, e.g. less than 45 recoverable colony forming units (cfu) per finger. Handwashing with soap and water was the least reliable method. The epidemicity, serious antimicrobial multiple resistance and survival on finger-tips of these two strains justifies the use of handwashing agents which have maximum effect. The rapid bactericidal (and residual) activity of alcoholic chlorhexidine suggests that, on the basis of present evidence, it is the preferred agent for hygienic hand disinfection against such strains.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The evaluation of residual antimicrobial activity on hands and its clinical relevance.

A model for evaluation of the residual activity of agents used for hygienic hand disinfection, which relates closely to the "in-use" setting, is described. We looked for residual activity following hand disinfection by a standard method with soap and water and four skin disinfectants in common use. Two test organisms known to have caused cross-infection and having clinically-significant antibiotic resistance were used: a strain of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and one of gentamicin-multiply-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. Both organisms survived well on artificially inoculated hands. Residual activity on previously disinfected hands against both test organisms was most marked for alcoholic chlorhexidine ('Hibisol') which showed a 4 log10 reduction within 1 min of inoculation. Chlorhexidine digluconate skin cleanser ('Hibiscrub') and povidone-iodine surgical scrub ('Betadine') also had marked residual activity, but less than alcoholic chlorhexidine. 60% Isopropanol showed no residual activity and, except for marginal activity against E. cloacae, soap and water showed little residual activity. The residual activity of alcoholic chlorhexidine may be useful to control cross-infection with those multiply-resistant strains which survive well on fingers previously washed with soap and water.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1990

Randomized multicentre study of ciprofloxacin and azlocillin versus gentamicin and azlocillin in the treatment of febrile neutropenic patients.

In a randomized multicentre study ciprofloxacin combined with azlocillin was compared with gentamicin and azlocillin for the treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients. In 147 evaluable episodes in 108 patients, 80 patients received ciprofloxacin/azlocillin and 67 received gentamicin/azlocillin. The two treatment groups were comparable in terms of age, underlying diagnosis, and duration of neutropenia. Microbiologically documented infections were the cause of fever in 34 (42.5%) and 29 (43.3%) episodes in the ciprofloxacin/azlocillin and gentamicin/azlocillin groups respectively. At the end of therapy, 46 patients (57.5%) receiving ciprofloxacin/azlocillin showed complete resolution compared with 30 (44.7%) for the gentamicin/azlocillin group (P = 0.14). The clinical response rate for microbiologically documented episodes was 58.8% and 48.3% respectively (P = 0.45). Among the microbiologically documented infections with follow-up cultures available, 24 (92.3%) of 26 isolates from patients receiving ciprofloxacin/azlocillin were eradicated, in comparison with 19 (86.4%) of 22 in the gentamicin/azlocillin group (P = 0.65). There were five superinfections, all in the gentamicin/azlocillin group. Significant resistance to the study drugs was not seen. Of all evaluable patients, including those subsequently withdrawn because of early modification of therapy, there were 12 deaths within the study period; six (6.8%) of these occurred in 88 patients randomized to the ciprofloxacin/azlocillin group, compared with two of 80 (2.5%) in the gentamicin/azlocillin group. Both treatments were generally well-tolerated; one patient in the ciprofloxacin/azlocillin group developed convulsions, probably related to ciprofloxacin. The combination of ciprofloxacin and azlocillin is as effective as gentamicin plus azlocillin and offers a useful alternative for the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Bronchodilator and other pharmacological activities of R-836 (2,5-diethyl-7-(4-thiomorpholino)-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin e).

The bronchodilator activity of R-386 (2,5-diethyl-7-(4-thiomorpholino)-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine) was demonstrated in isolated guinea-pig tracheal preparations and in vivo in dogs, guinea-pigs and rats. Guinea-pig tracheal preparations contracted by histamine, acetylcholine, BaCl2, leukotriene C4 or antigen were relaxed 50% by concentrations (IC-50 values) of R-836 of approximately 0.3 microgram/ml (10(-6) M) in all cases. In the conscious guinea-pig, oral or i.p. administration of R-836 prevented asphyxial collapse, death or dyspneic changes produced by histamine, antigen of LTC4. In anesthetized guinea-pigs, R-836 reduced bronchoconstriction produced by antigen or PAF (Konzett-Rössler preparation). In the dog, i.v. or intraduodenal administration of R-836 reduced bronchoconstriction produced by methacholine or histamine. In the rat, i.p. administration of R-836 reduced bronchoconstriction produced by 5-HT or antigenic challenge. In these in vivo models, when direct comparisons were made, R-836 was estimated to possess 2 to 3 times the potency of theophylline. R-836, at doses 80 times those necessary to produce bronchodilation, had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate of guinea-pigs. R-836 was not a CNS stimulant in mice, was not diuretic in rats, only marginally inhibited adenosine-induced responses in mice and guinea-pigs and was a weak inhibitor of phosphodiesterase in vitro.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1983

Synthesis and antiallergic activity of some acidic derivatives of 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzazol-4-ones.

Reactions of 2-aminobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzoxazole, and 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole with dimethyl aminofumarate (DMAF) or diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (DEEM) led to 2- or 3-carboxy-4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]-benzazol-4-ones, respectively. Subsequent derivatization of these carboxylic acids gave the corresponding tetrazolylcarboxamides and tetrazoles. These acidic compounds were tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay as potential antiallergic agents. Many of the compounds displayed activity comparable to that shown by disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) when tested by the intraperitoneal route, and some, unlike DSCG, also showed activity when tested orally.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Some normal clinical chemistry values for cerebrospinal fluid of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

The concentrations of many components of the cerebrospinal fluid are much lower than in serum. Values for sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are similar to those in other primates. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (18.7 U/1), creatine phosphokinase (9.9 U/1), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (13.7 U/1), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (9.2 U/1), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (3.1 U/1), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (33.0 U/1, lactate dehydrogenase (47.2 U/1) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (3.9 U/1), and levels of zinc (1.0 mu g/dl), copper (2.6 mu g/dl), iron (35.9 mu g/dl) and triglycerides (33.2 mu g/dl) have not previously been reported for this species. Values for free amino acids, total protein, creatinine and urea nitrogen are compared with those of other primates. The use of gradient pore polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for analysing proteins of CSF is described.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

Antiallergic activity of tetracyclic derivatives of quinoline-2-carboxylic acid. 2. Some benzothienoquinolinecarboxylic acids.

Some benzothienoquinolinecarboxylic acids were synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay as potential antiallergic agents. Many of the compounds showed activity comparable to that shown by disodium cromoglycate (DSFG); two of them, 1,4-dihydro-4,6,6-trioxo-5-chloro[1]benzothieno[2,3-g]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and 1,4-dihydro-1,7-dioxo[1]benzothieno[3,2-f]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, showed potency approximately eightfold greater than that of DSCG in the PCA assay.

Animals↗