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Biomedical subjects

J Holland

Publications and source records attributed to J Holland.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Low density lipoprotein metabolism in the normal to moderately elevated range of plasma cholesterol: comparisons with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism was investigated using a pulse injection of 125I-labeled LDL in 20 subjects who did not have familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (plasma cholesterol 160-297 mg/dl) and in 9 subjects who did have heterozygous FH (plasma cholesterol 273-501 mg/dl). Subjects were also injected with 131I-labeled LDL chemically modified with cyclohexanedione. This technique permitted a calculation of the amount of apoLDL removed via receptor-mediated and receptor-independent pathways. In subjects without FH, 40% (range 25-49%) of LDL was cleared via receptor-mediated pathways and in subjects with FH this figure was 22% (range 3-33%). In nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia there was clear evidence of defective removal of LDL via receptor-independent pathways in association with some overproduction of apoLDL. In heterozygous FH there was evidence of defective removal of LDL via receptor-mediated pathways, while some subjects also showed evidence of overproduction of apoLDL. It is suggested that LDL catabolism via receptor-independent pathways plays a major role in regulating plasma cholesterol levels in the normal to moderately elevated range.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Rapid evolution of RNA genomes.

RNA viruses show high mutation frequencies partly because of a lack of the proofreading enzymes that assure fidelity of DNA replication. This high mutation frequency is coupled with high rates of replication reflected in rates of RNA genome evolution which can be more than a millionfold greater than the rates of the DNA chromosome evolution of their hosts. There are some disease implications for the DNA-based biosphere of this rapidly evolving RNA biosphere.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of the gastric exocrine inhibitory activities and plasma kinetics of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 in cats.

The gastric exocrine inhibitory activities of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) and somatostatin-14 (SS-14) were determined in conscious cats prepared with gastric fistulae. Gastric acid and pepsin secretions were stimulated with pentagastrin. Expressed in terms of exogenous doses, SS-14 (ID50: 1.49 nmol . kg-1 . h-1) was 3.4 times more potent than SS-28 (ID50: 5.12 nmol . kg-1 . h-1) as an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Similarly SS-14 (ID50: 0.25 nmol . kg-1 . h-1) was 3.8 times more potent than SS-28 (ID50: 0.96 nmol . kg-1 . h-1) as an inhibitor of pepsin secretion. Expressed in terms of circulating plasma concentration measured by radioimmunoassay, SS-14 (ID50: H+, 232 and pepsin 73 pM) was 8-9 times more potent than SS-28 (ID50: H+, 2112 and pepsin, 611 pM) as an inhibitor of gastric exocrine secretions. The plasma immunoreactive half-life of SS-28 (6.1 min) was double that for SS-14 (2.4 min) possibly due to a slower theoretical metabolic clearance rate of the larger peptide (30 and 87 ml . kg-1 . min-1, respectively). Both peptides had similar apparent distribution volumes (SS-14, 306 and SS-28, 263 ml . kg-1). As judged by gel chromatography of plasma samples, there was no evidence for the conversion of SS-28 to SS-14 in vivo. The reduced activity of SS-28, compared with SS-14, against gastric exocrine secretions contrasts with its more potent effects in the pituitary and pancreas.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cancer in a parent: the impact on mother and child. A consultation-liaison clinical case conference.

The following case presents a 31-year-old woman medically hospitalized during a relapse of acute myelocytic leukemia. A consultation-liaison clinical conference focused on the patient's concerns about the effects of her illness on her relationship with her young daughter and its impact on the child's development. The discussion illustrates the consultation-liaison psychiatrist's role in alerting parents to their child's needs and in providing them with tools for effective parenting in a crisis situation such a cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Development of brief measures of psychological adjustment to medical illness applied to cancer patients.

The interrater reliability and validity of brief interview rated measures of psychosocial adjustment were examined in four sequential studies. A total of 25 videotaped interviews with cancer patients were rated by 105 social workers, nurses, physicians, and specialists in psychosocial oncology. The Rating of Psychosocial Function (RPF), Coping Adequacy Rating (CAR), and Global Adjustment to Illness Scale (GAIS) were used by various rating groups with an indication of interrater agreement. Agreement on ratings was not influenced by the length of interview (15 vs. 30 minutes) but appeared to the affected by the structure of the interview and profession of the raters. All three instruments showed a measure of matching with clinical impressions in addition to demonstrating a measure of both convergent and divergent construct validation. The GAIS was chosen as most adequately reflecting their clinical impression by a majority of raters. With a degree of training, any of the three instruments could be used to assess psychosocial adjustment with some measure of confidence in the validity of the rating.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Influence of anti-mouse interferon serum on the growth and metastasis of tumor cells persistently infected with virus and of human prostatic tumors in athymic nude mice.

Baby hamster kidney or HeLa cells form tumors in 100% of athymic nude mice. When such cells are persistently infected (PI) with RNA viruses, such as mumps or measles virus, the tumor cells either fail to grow or form circumscribed benign nodules. Neither the parental nor the virus PI tumor cells form invasive or metastatic lesions in nude mice. Previous studies have indicated a correlation between the susceptibility of virus-PI tumor cells in vitro and the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells and their failure to grow in vivo. Because interferon (IF) is the principal regulatory molecule governing the differentiation of NK cells, it was possible to test the relevance of the IF-NK cell system in vivo to restriction of tumor growth by treatment of nude mice with anti-IF globulin. This treatment was shown to reduce both IF production and NK activity in spleen cells. Both parental and virus-PI tumor cells grew and formed larger tumors in nude mice treated with anti-IF globulin than in control nude mice. The viral-PI tumor cells and the uninfected parental cells formed tumors in treated mice that were highly invasive and often metastatic. Some human tumor types have been notoriously difficult to establish as tumor lines in nude mice (e.g., primary human prostatic carcinomas). When transplanted into nude mice treated either with anti-IF globulin or anti-lymphocyte serum, two prostatic carcinomas grew and produced neoplasms with local invasiveness and some metastases. The results are consistent with the view that interferon may be important in restricting the growth, invasiveness, and metastases of tumor cells by acting indirectly through components of the immune system, such as NK cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparative studies of psychological function in patients with advanced cancer. II. Interviewer-rated current and past psychological symptoms.

This study compared psychologic function, especially depression, in patients with advanced cancer and in sociodemographically matched, physically healthy patients who had recently attempted suicide. A companion study examined self-report of depressive symptoms; the present study relied on a semistructured interview technique. Eighty patients who were hospitalized on a research oncology ward for treatment of disseminated cancer, acute leukemia, Stage IV Hodgkin's disease, or myeloma were compared by means of the Current and Past Psychopathology Scales (CAPPS) to 80 patients hospitalized on a psychiatric unit for attempted suicide. Interviewer ratings yielded scores on eight scales characterizing each patient's psychologic adjustment during the past month and 18 scales characterizing adjustment prior to the present illness (cancer or suicide attempt). Results showed that by both self-report and observer report, cancer patients wee less depressed and anxious in the past month than the psychiatric group. Approximately one-third on the cancer patients were significantly depressed, depending on the measure used; one-seventh had experienced some suicidal ideation. Cancer patients were better adjusted in the past than the comparison group; however, the cancer patients who were presently most depressed were those who had a prior history of depression and had shown a tendency to brood. Among cancer patients who died during the study period, no correlation between severity of depression and nearness to death could be found. Findings supported use of denial of dysphoric emotions by the cancer patients, but little denial of the diagnosis or the need to accept treatment. Despite stress of advanced illness and threat to life, cancer patient's reality testing and social role performance were superior to that of the suicide attempters, and on the average they had less disturbance of affect and cognition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The extracerebral dopamine antagonist domperidone block the suppressive effect of bromocriptine on prolactin and TSH secretion in man.

The effects of a single oral dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine on serum level of TSH and prolactin were studied in a group of normal male subjects. Bromocriptine effectively inhibited basal TSH and prolactin concentration as well as the prolactin and TSH response to TRH given 4 hours later. The prior administration of the extracerebral dopamine antagonist domperidone reversed the endocrine effects of bromocriptine. The results suggest that dopamine receptors located at the pituitary may regulate TSH (and prolactin) release in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

A comparative study of psychosexual adjustment in men with testicular cancer and acute leukemia.

Twenty-five men with testicular germ cell tumors were compared by developmental history and past and present psychologic adjustment to 25 men with acute leukemia. The mean age was 30 years for the cancer group and 25 years for the leukemia group. Current and Past Psychopathology Scales (18 scales of prior and 8 of present adjustment) were rated during a semistructured interview. The following differences were found in developmental history: Onset of puberty was 12.4 years for leukemics and 15.1 years for the cancer group (P less than 0.001); cryptorchidism was found in 20% of cancer patients and 4% of leukemia; incidence of opiate drug abuse was 36% in cancer patients and 24% in leukemia patients; psychiatric disturbance prior to illness characterized 32% of the cancer group and 12% of the leukemia group. Major psychiatric illness was diagnosed in 20% of the testicular cancer group and 4% of the leukemia group. Findings of delayed puberty and psychiatric disturbance in men with germ cell testicular tumors as compared to leukemics suggest a possible impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The etiology of this impairment is discussed (genetic factors, prenatal endocrine milieu, abnormal luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors, and abnormal interaction between dopaminergic system, LH, and endorphins).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Urinary bladder metastases from breast carcinoma.

Four patients with primary carcinoma of the breast metastatic to the urinary bladder are described. Hematuria was present in 3 of the 4 patients. Two of the 4 women had received steroidal drugs which may have a role in the development of this unusual metastasis. This complication developed no sooner than 32 months after diagnosis of malignant breast disease and occurred shortly before death in 2 of the patients. Bladder metastasis in women with a history of breast carcinoma may be more prevalent than has previously been suspected.

Aged↗