Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J Hogg

Publications and source records attributed to J Hogg.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The applicability of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) with older adults (50+ years) with moderate, severe and profound intellectual impairment.

To define the intellectual characteristics of a population of older people (50+ years) with severe intellectual impairment who were the focus of a wider demographic study, participants were assessed on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). Test material was modified to make it age-appropriate and culturally suitable. Of the 122 people in the population [chronological age (CA) = 63.5 years; range 50-90 years], 61 were successfully tested on the K-ABC (CA = 60.9 years; range 51-81 years). Factor analysis closely replicated the factorial structure demonstrated for younger children. Separate Sequential and Simultaneous Mental Processing factors were identified, with subtests from the Achievement Scale loading on these factors and not constituting a separate factor. Application of hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed the factor structures. Inferences in relation to cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective are drawn, and the utility of information on mental processing for educational intervention with older persons with severe intellectual impairment is noted.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Colour-coded duplex ultrasonography in selection of patients for transluminal angioplasty.

Transluminal angioplasty can be used to relieve symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease with minimal morbidity. This prospective study compares the accuracy of colour-coded duplex ultrasonography with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography in selection of femoro-popliteal lesions for angioplasty. Isolated, short (< 6 cm) and haemodynamically significant stenosis (> 50% reduction in diameter) were considered for angioplasty. Colour-duplex selection and exclusion was in agreement with angiography in 68 out of 86 lower limbs (79%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of colour duplex compared with angiography yielded values of 60.9, 87.5, 60.9 and 85.7%, respectively. The discrepancy between colour duplex and digital subtraction angiography can be partly explained by the tendency of duplex to underestimate the severity and length of disease. It is concluded that colour-coded duplex can be used as a screening tool for lower extremity arterial disease to select appropriate lesions for endovascular procedures. The accuracy of duplex in the present study was not perfect and the decision for further intervention should be based on clinical grounds.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of breakthrough pain in 50 patients treated with intrathecal morphine infusion therapy. Development of tolerance or infusion system malfunction.

Fifty patients with intractable benign pain were treated with intrathecal morphine (IT-MS) infusion therapy. Median follow-up was 39 months (range 5-70). Breakthrough pain was reported in 45 (90%) patients in 75 outpatient clinic events. A diagnostic algorithm was developed to evaluate and efficiently treat these patients. A programmed bolus (50% of daily dose) identified that 50 (67%) breakthrough events where due to partial tolerance to the IT-MS. Radiographic survey of the catheters identified malfunctions in 11 patients. Attempts to withdraw CSF from the side-port demonstrated obstruction in 7 due to kinking not seen on X-rays. Side-port myelography demonstrated scarring that obstructed the flow of morphine to the spinal cord in 2 patients. Benefits were regained after all surgical catheter corrections. In total, partial tolerance was seen in 23 patients (46%) during 50 (67%) breakthrough events, 15 patients (30%) required 22 catheter revisions during 27% of breakthrough events and 2 patients had progressive disease. True tolerance was encountered in only 5 patients (10%) during 5 (7%) breakthrough pain events.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Distribution of integrins alpha v beta 6 and alpha 9 beta 1 and their known ligands, fibronectin and tenascin, in human airways.

We have previously identified two integrins, alpha 9 beta 1 and alpha v beta 6, from guinea pig airway epithelium. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin is a ligand for both of these receptors, and fibronectin is also a ligand for alpha v beta 6. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression and spatial distribution of the alpha 9 subunit, alpha v beta 6, tenascin, and fibronectin in the proximal airways of 10 normal nonsmoking subjects and eight patients undergoing lung resection for cancer. We also performed the same analyses on sections of peripheral lung obtained from an additional seven subjects undergoing lung resection. alpha 9 was highly expressed throughout the airway epithelium (but not on alveolar epithelium) irrespective of clinical status. In contrast, alpha v beta 6 was expressed on proximal airway epithelial cells in four of eight smokers undergoing lung resection, but in none of the normal subjects and none of the distal airways examined. On bronchial epithelial cells cultured from resected airways, alpha v beta 6 was highly expressed on cells grown from patients who did not appear to express the receptor in vivo, as well as from subjects who did, suggesting that some component of the in vitro environment can induce expression. Although both tenascin and fibronectin were present below the proximal airway epithelium of both normal nonsmoking subjects and smokers, the spatial patterns of integrin and ligand expression were not congruent, because the integrins were present diffusely on the cell surface and on some cells that were not in contact with the basement membrane, whereas the ligands were present principally in the subepithelial layer. These findings are compatible with the existence of as-yet unidentified ligands for each of these integrins--for example, ligands involved in homotypic cell-cell interactions within the epithelium.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1995

Malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac.

Although malignancies of the lacrimal sac are rare, malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac is an exceedingly rare occurrence. Patients with abnormalities of the nasolacrimal system may come to otolaryngologists for evaluation. Treatment of lacrimal sac malignancies will necessitate consultation of a head and neck surgeon. The triad of symptoms commonly found in these patients includes epiphora, bloody reflux from the lacrimal punctum, and a medial canthal mass. Early local recurrence occurs frequently. Radical surgical treatment, including wide-field en bloc resection of the entire nasolacrimal system, affords the best protection against local recurrence and provides the best opportunity for enhanced patient survival. Adjunctive therapy in this disorder remains controversial.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Effects of ischaemia on neurotransmitter release from the isolated retina.

The effects of "ischaemia" (glucose-free Krebs-bicarbonate medium gassed with N2/CO2) on the release of glutamate and other major neurotransmitters in the retina were examined using the isolated rat and rabbit retina. Amino acid transmitters, acetylcholine, and dopamine were measured by HPLC. The release of glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and glycine from ischaemic retinas was more than doubled after 30 min, and after 90 min of ischaemia the release of amino acids was approximately 15-20-fold that of control values. Ischaemia also produced large increases in the release of dopamine from both the rat and especially the rabbit retina. In contrast, the release of acetylcholine from the rat retina was significantly decreased by ischaemia, although the release of choline was increased. Because the ischaemia-induced release of glutamate, aspartate, and GABA from the rat retina was completely Ca independent, and exposure of the retina to high K (50 mM) did not stimulate amino acid release, it is concluded that the mechanisms underlying the ischaemia-induced release do not involve an initial release of K or an influx of calcium.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1994

Occupational exposure to hydrocarbons and chronic pancreatitis: a case-referent study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the hypothesis that hydrocarbon exposure is a risk factor for chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: 102 cases of chronic pancreatitis and 204 age and sex matched referents were interviewed about their occupational histories, alcohol and cigarette consumption, and diet. Exposure to hydrocarbons was inferred from interview responses by four assessors who were blind to disease state, and these data were then summarised by a cumulative hydrocarbon exposure (CHE) score. RESULTS: After adjustment for alcohol, cigarettes, dietary antioxidants, and social class, odds ratios for low CHE scores were 1.20 (90% CI: 0.62-2.35) and 2.67 (90% CI: 1.22-5.87) for high scores. A test for trend with level of exposure among only those who had exposure scores > 0 gave p = 0.09. Analysis by type of hydrocarbon was limited to four exposures for each of which there were at least 20 exposed patients. The adjusted OR for paint solvents (any level) was 0.96 (90% CI: 0.48-1.93); for diesel exhaust fumes OR = 2.66 (90% CI: 1.05-6.73); for petrochemicals OR = 1.82 (90% CI: 0.80-4.11); and for chlorinated solvents OR = 1.49 (90% CI: 0.58-3.81). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the original hypothesis. Further studies are needed to confirm or refute the findings here and to clarify the types of hydrocarbon involved.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein gene expression in the rat pancreas.

Insulin is important for optimal fetal and neonatal growth and development. Its continued availability is due, in part, to ongoing islet cell growth within the pancreas. IGFs and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been implicated as paracrine regulators of islet cell growth within the developing pancreas. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the intact rat pancreas expresses mRNAs for IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBPs, and how these might change with development. Liver was studied as a control tissue. Pancreas and liver were taken from fetal rats at 20-22 days of gestation, from postnatal rats at 1-21 days and from adult animals, and mRNAs for IGFs-I and -II and IGFBPs-1 to -6 were detected by Northern blot hybridization. The amount of IGF-II mRNA was greatest in the liver and pancreas of the fetal rat, and declined in both tissues during the neonatal period. Conversely, IGF-I mRNA levels were low but detectable in fetal life, and rose to adult levels within 2 weeks of birth. Both IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 mRNAs were present in fetal rat liver, increasing in amount over the first week of life, and declining in the adult. However, within the pancreas, IGFBP-1 mRNA was undetectable and IGFBP-2 mRNA was very low in the fetus and neonate. Both IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 mRNAs transiently appeared in the pancreas between postnatal weeks 2 and 3 and declined in the adult. IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 mRNAs were detected in both the liver and pancreas throughout the developmental period studied. IGFBP-3 mRNA increased in amount immediately following birth, while the quantity of IGFBP-4 mRNA increased sharply in liver from postnatal day 21, but declined in the pancreas. mRNA for IGFBP-5 or -6 was undetectable in either tissue. The reslts show that both IGF-I and IGF-II are expressed by rat pancreas from at least 20 days of gestation, the latter being predominant in fetal life and the former during postnatal development. In addition, at least four IGFBP mRNAs (IGFBPs-1, -2, -3 and -4) were expressed within the pancreas with distinct developmental patterns. IGFBP-3 and -4 were predominant in the fetal and neonatal periods, while increased expression of IGFBPs-1 and -2 occurred 2-3 weeks after birth. The ontogeny of IGFBP mRNA expression in pancreas differed from that in liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Is spermatozoan acrosin a predictor of fertilization and embryo quality in the human?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether acrosin is a more reliable criterion than conventional parameters for assessing semen samples. DESIGN: Total acrosin was estimated biochemically in semen samples obtained for routine screening for infertility and for IVF-ET procedures. SETTING: Assisted Conception Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Four hundred sixty-three couples being investigated for causes of infertility, and 132 couples undergoing IVF-ET for any indication except antisperm antibodies between 1990 and 1991 were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Semen samples were collected as part of routine investigation. Samples from men with consistently high viscosity were collected in alpha-chymotrypsin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total spermatozoan acrosin in motile spermatozoa and motile spermatozoan density in couples being assessed for IVF-ET and fertilization and embryo quality in those receiving treatment are considered. RESULTS: Total acrosin levels were less variable (within subject) than either total or motile spermatozoan concentration at ejaculation. Although severely oligozoospermic ejaculates had the lowest levels of total acrosin, overall, there was no significant correlation of spermatozoan concentration between total acrosin levels and percentage fertilization. CONCLUSIONS: Total spermatozoan acrosin activity correlates positively with fertilization rates but not with spermatozoan count. Motile spermatozoan density for insemination may be adjusted to achieve > 7.5 microIU acrosin per oocyte, without compromising fertilization or further embryo development to blastocysts in vitro.

Acrosin↗
PubMed1993

Obturator foramen bypass in the management of infected prosthetic vascular grafts.

The obturator foramen bypass graft remains an excellent option for revascularizing the lower extremity when dealing with an infected prosthetic vascular graft in the groin. In this series, six obturator foramen bypass grafts were performed in five patients for infectious groin complications following vascular surgery. Conservative measures such as local antibiotic irrigation and abscess drainage designed to preserve the graft in situ had failed to eradicate the infection in all instances and was complicated by suture-line haemorrhage in three instances. An aggressive approach should be adopted, aimed at excision of the infected graft. The obturator foramen bypass graft remains a durable graft for limb salvage. Five out of six obturator foramen bypass grafts were patent after 11-26 months follow up.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

Interactions of nutrients, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in the regulation of DNA synthesis by isolated fetal rat islets of Langerhans.

Insulin is a major regulatory hormone for optimal tissue growth and function in utero. Its continued availability to the growing fetus depends on increasing islet cell mass. The purpose of the study was to examine the interactions between nutrient availability and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) release and action during DNA synthesis by isolated fetal rat islets of Langerhans. Specifically, we wished to determine (a) whether the availability of glucose or total amino acids altered the release of endogenous IGF-I or -II, (b) if both IGF-I and -II were effective mitogens for pancreatic beta-cells, (c) whether islets released IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their possible regulation by nutrient availability and (d) how IGFBPs might regulate the ability of IGFs to alter islet DNA synthesis. Islets of Langerhans were isolated from fetal rat pancreata on day 22 of gestation by collagenase digestion. Islets enriched in beta-cells following a 5-day preincubation regime were maintained in various concentrations of glucose (1.4-16.7 mmol/l) or amino acids (x1- x3 total concentrations), with or without exogenous IGF-I, -II, IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-2. The release of insulin and endogenous IGF-I and -II were each determined by radioimmunoassay, and IGFBP release characterized by Western ligand blot analysis. DNA synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Isolated islets demonstrated an increased release of insulin in response to increasing amounts of both glucose and amino acids, demonstrating functional viability. Both classes of nutrients also increased the DNA synthetic rate of islets. Islets released almost twice as much IGF-II (0.22 +/- 0.08 nmol/l, mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4) as IGF-I (0.14 +/- 0.03 nmol/l) in cultures containing 8.7 mmol glucose/l and x1 amino acids. Lesser or greater concentrations of glucose did not alter the release of either IGF, but the release of IGF-II was significantly increased (0.53 +/- 0.08 nmol/l, P < 0.01) in the presence of x2 amino acids. Exogenous IGF-I was fivefold more active in stimulating DNA synthesis by islets (half maximal concentration (ED50) 1.6 +/- 0.4 nmol/l, n = 3) than was IGF-II (ED50 8.1 +/- 0.6 nmol/l), regardless of glucose concentration. Isolated islets released four species of IGFBP with molecular sizes of approximately 19, 25, 35 and 46 kDa respectively. The 35 kDa form was identified by Western immunoblot as IGFBP-2. Increasing the glucose concentration between 1.4 mmol/l and 16.7 mmol/l caused a dose-related increase in the release of the 19, 25 and 35 kDa IGFBP species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

Expression of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGF BPs) during pancreatic development in rat, and modulation of IGF actions on rat islet DNA synthesis by IGF BPs.

Growth of pancreatic beta-cells is an essential feature of development in order to maintain insulin availability. While glucose has been shown to increase beta-cell DNA synthetic rate in cultures of isolated islets of Langerhans, there is also evidence for a local control of beta-cell growth involving insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). IGF I and II and their specific binding proteins (IGF BPs) are expressed within the developing rat pancreas, and released by isolated fetal rat islets of Langerhans. Glucose-induced beta-cell growth is not mediated by IGF-I, since IGF release does not alter in response to changes in glucose availability. In contrast, IGF BP release is positively associated with glucose concentrations over the physiological range and is therefore a candidate. Exogenous hIGF BP1 or bIGF BP2 synergistically interacted with hIGF I or II to increase DNA synthesis within isolated fetal rat islets. These results suggest a role for IGF BPs in the regulation of beta-cell growth. They may act independently or by modulation of IGF bioavailability during pancreatic development.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The activity of hydroxynaphthoquinones against Leishmania donovani.

The hydroxynaphthoquinones, buparvaquone, 250C80 and 56W82, showed high activity in vitro against Leishmania donovani amastigotes in mouse peritoneal macrophages, with ED50 values of 0.05, 2.95 and 13.82 microM, respectively. Fourteen other hydroxynaphthoquinones were tested, of which only 566C80 and 608C86 showed significant activity against amastigotes. Buparvaquone, 250C80 and 56W82 were also highly-active against cultured promastigotes. In a BALB/c mouse model, treatment with 100 mg/kg/day for five days with buparvaquone, 250C80 and 566C80 (atovaquone) reduced liver amastigote numbers by 60%, 22% and 30.5%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Demographic characteristics of a population of people with moderate, severe and profound intellectual disability (mental handicap) over 50 years of age: age structure, IQ and adaptive skills.

Studies characterizing community populations of older people with intellectual disability (mental handicap) have frequently derived data from mental handicap registers. Such large-scale studies permit the establishment of reliable age trends, yet may utilize unreliable information and omit some individuals. Here, a functional characterization of a 50+ years sample with moderate, severe and profound intellectual disability is described, in which an extensive outreach exercise to identify individuals not known to mental handicap service providers ensured that almost 100% of people fulfilling the residence, age and ability criteria were included. Functional level, assessed by the Adaptive Behaviour Scale (ABS), is reported in relation to six factors derived from factor analysis. Overall, the sample was relatively high functioning and generally free of severe problem behaviours. There was no evidence for significant age-related functional decline.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

The administration of psychotropic and anticonvulsant drugs to children with profound intellectual disability and multiple impairments.

A national (England and Wales) postal survey of families with a son or daughter with profound intellectual disability and multiple physical and sensory impairments who lived at home was undertaken. A section of the questionnaire dealt with prescription of major tranquillizers, drugs with a sedative function, anticonvulsants and stimulants, while among other variables information was also collected on sex, age, behaviour problems, sleep difficulties and epilepsy. Of children and adults: 5.3 and 7.9%, respectively, were receiving major tranquillizers; 28.5 and 24.5%, respectively, were prescribed drugs with a sedative function; and 53.4 and 52.7% were in receipt of anticonvulsants, with no individuals in receipt of stimulants. Only 1.5% of the total sample received major tranquillizers, drugs with a sedative function and anticonvulsants, though 18.9% were prescribed drugs from two classes, notably drugs with a sedative function and anticonvulsants. In all, 66.3% of the combined child and adult samples received at least one drug from the classes investigated. No sex bias in prescribing was found. Receipt of major tranquillizers bore some relation to reported behaviour problems, while administration of sedatives and anticonvulsants were related respectively to reports of sleep problems and occurrence of epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Chronic extradural haematomas: indications for surgery.

Non-invasive neuro-imaging has led to the detection of minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic chronic extradural haematomas. Our experience and review of the literature suggests that, as in the case of chronic subdural haematomas, there is development of membranes and liquifaction of the clot which may permit drainage of such collections through twist drill or burrholes. The time from development and the neuro-imaging chanes on CT and MRI can suggest the age and nature of the clot and thus permit timing of surgery so that drainage may be accomplished with a minor procedure.

Adult↗