The response of the horse to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in vivo.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
J H Lumsden
Publications and source records attributed to J H Lumsden.
Effects of interferents on the kinetic Jaffé reaction and an enzymatic colorimetric test for serum creatinine concentration determination in cats, cows, dogs and horses.
The effects of acetoacetic acid, acetone, bilirubin, beta-carotene, three cephalospoprin antibiotics, glucose, hemoglobin and lipid on the kinetic Jaffé reaction and an enzymatic reaction for the determination of creatinine concentration were studied in bovine, canine, feline and equine serum. There were no obvious species' differences. The kinetic Jaffé reaction was unaffected by the addition of beta-carotene and hemoglobin. Acetone, cefazolin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur and glucose caused a positive bias while acetoacetic acid, bilirubin, and lipid caused a negative bias when added to the kinetic Jaffé reaction. The enzymatic reaction was unaffected by the addition of acetoacetic acid, acetone, beta-carotene, cefazolin, cefoxitin, glucose and hemoglobin while added lipid, bilirubin and ceftiofur caused a negative bias in the test results. Over all species and interferents, there was no difference in the precision of the two assay methods. In a series of sera from hospitalized patients, the two methods were highly correlated in a linear fashion. The enzymatic creatinine assay deals effectively with most interferents but has a greater cost and shorter shelf-life compared with the kinetic Jaffé reaction.
Acetoacetates↗
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the cat following multiple oral administration.
Phenobarbital was administered orally to seven healthy cats at a dose of 5 mg/kg once a day for 21 days. Serum phenobarbital concentrations were determined using a commercial immunoassay technique. A one-compartment model was used to describe the final elimination curve. The elimination half-life (t1/2 b) after the final day of treatment was 43.3 +/- 2.92 h. The large apparent volume of distribution of 695.0 +/- 43.9 mL/kg suggests that the drug was widely distributed within the body. The t1/2 b following multiple oral administration was significantly shorter than previously reported for a single oral dose of phenobarbital in the cat. Analysis of pharmacokinetic results after days 1 and 21 of treatment suggested that the elimination kinetics of phenobarbital did not change significantly with multiple oral administration. It appears that differences in elimination kinetics can exist between populations of cats. These differences emphasize the need for individual monitoring of cats receiving phenobarbital.
Administration, Oral↗
A computer-derived protocol using recursive partitioning to aid in estimating prognosis of horses with abdominal pain in referral hospitals.
In order to determine which variables are useful and accurate in estimating prognosis in horses with abdominal pain, data were analyzed from 231 horses presented at a veterinary teaching hospital. Using multiple stepwise discriminant analysis in a recursive partition model, we obtained a decision protocol that identified survivors and nonsurvivors. The prevalence of survivors was 61% in this population. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of this model were 71, 83, 87 and 65%, respectively. This decision protocol was validated by Jackknife classification and also by evaluation with a referral population of 100 horses in which the prevalence of survivors was 83%. This led to sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 83, 78, 94 and 50%, respectively.
Abdominal Pain↗
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the cat following intravenous and oral administration.
Phenobarbital was administered to eight healthy cats as a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg. Serum phenobarbital concentrations were determined using an immunoassay technique. The intravenous data were fitted to one-, two- and three-compartment models. After statistical comparison of the three models, a two-compartment model was selected. Following intravenous administration, the drug was rapidly distributed (distribution half-life = 0.046 +/- 0.007 h) with a large apparent volume of distribution (931 +/- 44.8 mL/kg). Subsequent elimination of phenobarbital from the body was slow (elimination half-life = 58.8 +/- 4.21 h). Three weeks later, a single oral dose of phenobarbital (10 mg/kg) was administered to the same group of cats. A one-compartment model with an input component was used to describe the results. After oral administration, the initial rapid absorption phase (absorption half-life = 0.382 +/- 0.099 h) was followed by a plateau in the serum concentration (13.5 +/- 0.148 micrograms/mL) for approximately 10 h. The half-life of the terminal elimination phase (76.1 +/- 6.96 h) was not significantly different from the half-life determined for the intravenous route. Bioavailability of the oral drug was high (F = 1.20 +/- 0.120). Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters determined in this study, phenobarbital appears to be a suitable drug for use as an anticonvulsant in the cat.
Administration, Oral↗
Compensatory increase in calcium extrusion activity of untreated lymphocytes from swine susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.
We tested the hypothesis that lymphocytes from swine with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) had calcium extrusion activity higher than unaffected swine. Cytoplasmic concentration of ionized calicum was determined by use of dual emission spectrofluorometry and measurement of the ratio of free to calcium-bound form of the fluorescent calcium dye indo-1. Net calcium accumulation and unidirectional calcium extrusion rate were dependent on intracellular calcium concentration. Calcium extrusion from calcium-loaded lymphocytes was monitored while calcium influx was inhibited by suspending the cells in calcium-free medium with a calcium chelator. Net calcium accumulation of untreated lymphocytes was monitored in calcium-replete medium. A novel method of calculation of ionized calcium was used. This method confirmed our previous findings of lower ionized calcium concentration (86 +/- 40 and 370 +/- 216 nmol/L; P less than 0.01) and slower rates of calcium accumulation 39 +/- 16 and 127 +/- 52 nmol/L/min) in untreated lymphocytes from MH-susceptible swine compared with controls. These changes were attributable to calcium extrusion activity two- to three-fold higher in lymphocytes of MH-susceptible swine (154 +/- 36 and 408 +/- 47 nmol/L/min at 175 nmol/L; 972 +/- 111 and 1,690 +/- 505 nmol/L/min at 425 nmol/L). These data were compatible with our model of higher calcium extrusion activity being a compensatory adaptation of MH-susceptible swine lymphocytes to their hypersensitivity to stimuli that increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Animals↗
Clinical chemistry. In-clinic analysis, quality control, reference values, and system selection.
The clinician never has had a better selection of user friendly analytical systems for in-clinic use. Selection of a system should be made only after several questions have been answered, including: What is the technical knowledge and experience of the persons who will use the system? Who will initiate and supervise a quality assurance program? Which analysis and what volume of samples are anticipated now and in the future? The estimated cost per test should include the total cost of instrumentation and maintenance, calibrators, controls, reagents, and technical and supervisory time. Have the methods been validated for the animal species involved and are adequate reference values available? Read the package inserts completely for each analyte. Do not rely on the advice of salespeople for guidance in answering many of these questions, but do question them carefully about statements made, especially regarding warranties and technical service. For those clinicians willing to accept the responsibilities associated with in-clinic testing, an increased awareness of laboratory medicine and a resulting increased interest and ability to provide quality medical care can be expected.
Animals↗
Laboratory diagnosis of malassimilation.
In many instances, the cause for malassimilation can be determined with ease, but finding the cause sometimes can be elusive and require the use of sophisticated laboratory techniques not available to the general veterinary practitioner. In either case, the clinician, whether generalist or specialist, must make an informed decision based on the results of many different testing modalities, and not only on the results of the laboratory tests described here. A flow chart is provided to assist the diagnostician in selecting and applying the more clinically oriented laboratory tests useful in dealing with a patient with chronic diarrhea and weight loss.
Animals↗
A computer-derived protocol to aid in selecting medical versus surgical treatment of horses with abdominal pain.
In order to determine which variables are useful in identifying horses with abdominal pain requiring surgery, data were analysed from 219 horses presented at one veterinary teaching hospital. Using multiple stepwise discriminant analysis with a recursive partitioning algorithm, we obtained a decision tree that identifies surgical and non-surgical patients. The prevalence of surgical patients was 79 per cent in this population. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of this decision tree were 99 per cent, 55 per cent, 90 per cent and 99 per cent respectively. Compared to the clinical decision, this decision tree yielded more false positives (11 per cent) but almost eliminated false negatives (1 per cent). This decision tree was validated by the jack-knife method and also by evaluation using a new sample in a second veterinary teaching hospital in which the prevalence of surgical patients was 55 per cent. This led to sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 93 per cent, 73 per cent, 81 per cent and 89 per cent respectively.
Abdominal Pain↗
Leucocytic changes in cows given intravenous injections of E coli endotoxin.
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Animals↗
The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. III. Neutropenia and myeloid response.
Calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense TREU 112 had, at the onset of anemia, a very low total white cell count and neutropenia but with chronicity there was lymphocytosis. Infected calves had a marked reduction in granulocyte mobilization for the first 14 weeks of infection and there was reduced ability to mount an inflammatory response during the onset of anemia. Bone marrow aspiration biopsies showed marked erythroid hyperplasia in response to the anemia with a relative and likely absolute reduction in myeloid precursors and marrow granulocyte reserves.
Agranulocytosis↗
Case report: Macroglobulinemia in a dog.
This report describes a case of macroglobulinemia in a six year old castrate male Collie cross dog with clinical signs of epistaxis, anemia, retinopathy and high serum viscosity. The highest total serum protein was 12 g/dl with approximately 60% monoclonal beta globulin. Proteinuria, Bence Jones protein and osteolytic lesions were not detected.Chemotherapy and partial removal of the plasma protein by withdrawal of whole blood and transfusion with packed red cells from a DEA negative donor resulted in transient clinical remission.
Animals↗
Studies on experimental enteric salmonellosis in ponies.
Clinical, bacteriological, serological and haematological observations were made on 13 adult ponies orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. The results were compared to two control ponies and four others infected by accidental transmission. The clinical responses in inoculated ponies included pyrexia lasting four days and neutropaenia during the first five days after inoculation followed by a neutrophilia. Pyrexia and neutropaenia was associated with maximal shedding of organisms in the rectal faeces. Changes in the character of the faeces occurred between one and two days after inoculation and appeared to be associated with the serological response. Serological responses occurred in all the infected ponies except one. At necropsy, of the 14 ponies with positive cultures in the colon, seven had negative cultures in the rectal faeces. Serological studies performed on 43 clinically normal horses indicated a correlation between age and salmonella agglutination titre.
Animals↗
Canine hematology and biochemistry reference values.
Reference hematology and biochemistry values for 53 variables are presented from 51 clinically healthy dogs, 26 female and 25 male, approximately six to 24 months of age and of mixed breed. These dogs were sampled because of their good health status and the opportunity to collect the volume of blood required to complete the variable analysis of interest. Collection of blood specimens and laboratory analysis was done in a standard described manner, the latter including a continuing quality control program. For each variable the data were examined for homogeneity and when present, outliers (n = 9) were excluded. Parametric analysis was used to calculate the reference interval for those variables which had a Gaussian distribution or could be changed to a Gaussian distribution by any of four transformations. For those variables in which Gaussian distribution was not present or attained, nonparametric analysis was used. Due to the small size of the population sample, the uncertainty of breed and the exact age of each dog, breed, age and sex effects were not examined. Reference values should be used to assist interpretation of observations obtained from an animal or animals of comparable origin, i.e. similar subpopulation, and only if the same laboratory techniques are followed. Until each laboratory is able to generate reference values using adequate sample size and current methodology for the numerous subpopulations of interest, reference intervals such as these are useful to clinicians and researchers.
Animals↗
Subchronic toxicity test for two thermotolerant filamentous fungi used for single cell protein production.
Safety evaluations of two thermotolerant filamentous fungi, Cephalosporium eichhorniae 152 (C. 152) and Rhizopus chinensis 180 (R. 180), grown on a sugar-salts medium were carried out through feeding the biomases to rats at 20% or 40% dietary levels for 90 days. There was a control group fed soybean meal. Weight gain and feed consumption for rats fed 20% C. 152 were equal to those for the control animals, but were depressed in the other three groups, especially the rats fed R. 180. All animals appeared normal and healthy except that transient alopecia was found for a short duration in the fungi-treated rats in the initial period. The cause of this lesion is not clear. At the end of the feeding trial, clinical determinations of constituents in blood and urine samples were conducted. The animals were autopsied and weights for four organs were taken. Histopathological examinations for 26 different tissues were carried out. Mild changes were found in both C. 152 and R. 180-treated rats but most of the these were not considered to be related to treatment.
Acremonium↗
Cyclical changes of vaginal cytology in the cat.
Vaginal smears from seven cats were examined at two-day intervals for 32 days in order to describe the cyclical pattern of epithelial cells exfoliated throughout the stages of the estrus cycle. Vaginal epithelial cells were classified as parabasal, intermediate and superficial (nucleate and anucleate) cells, and their dimensions were measured for the purpose of definition. The percentages of the epithelial cell populations (i.e. Maturation Index) from Wright's stained smears, were determined at all stages of the estrus cycle. The Eosinophilic Index was estimated on Papanicolaou stained smears. Smears of cats in estrus were populated almost entirely with nucleate and anucleate superficial epithelial cells. Proestrus was characterized by intermediate epithelial cells with increasing eosinophilia, and rare neutrophils. Metestrus was associated with desquamation of intermediate and parabasal epithelial cells, neutrophils and debris. In the anestrus period, groups of intermediate cells and some parabasal epithelial cells were exfoliated. Two cats in the study did not cycle and exhibited anestrus. Of the five cats cycling, eight estrus periods were observed of two to five days duration. The cycles were of 15 to 17 days interval in three normal cats. Two cats did not show a second estrus within 30 days, and were subsequently found to have bacterial growth on the culture of vaginal swabs, however the presence of an initial ovular estrus cannot be ruled out. The rare presence of erythrocytes was associated with vaginal bacterial infections and discharge in two cats.
Animals↗
Chronic enteritis associated with the malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathy in the horse.
Chronic granulomatous enteritis associated with weight loss and hypoproteinemia was identified in 2 horses. Both horses continued to have normally formed feces. Malabsorption of carbohydrate and lipid, with concomitant gastrointestinal protein loss was demonstrated in 1 case. One horse was treated symptomatically and gained 108 kg. In both cases, principal gastrointestinal lesions were partial to total villus atrophy and transmural mononuclear leukocytosis, with lymphocytes and histiocytes predominating. The cause of the condition was not identified in either case.
Animals↗
On establishing reference values.
In order to establish a range of reference values for any characteristic one can use Gaussian or nonparametric techniques, whichever are most appropriate. One has the choice of calculating tolerance intervals or percentile intervals. A tolerance interval is said to contain, say 95% of the population with probability, say 0.90. A percentile interval simply simply calculates the values between which 95% of the observations fall. If the data can be said to have a Gaussian distribution, the same precision can be obtained with smaller sample sizes than using the nonparametric techniques. In some cases, data which are not Gaussian can be transformed into a Gaussian form and hence make use of the more efficient Gaussian techniques. In both cases, the data should be checked for outliers or rogue observations and these should be eliminated if the testing procedure fails to imply that they are an integral part of the data.
Reference Values↗