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Biomedical subjects

J Grimes

Publications and source records attributed to J Grimes.

51 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Response of activity of jejunal disaccharidases and pancreatic amylase in young and middle-aged rats to a high carbohydrate diet.

Sprague-Dawley rats fed a nonpurified diet from weaning to 3 mo (young) or 12 mo (middle aged) of age were fed a low (5 cal%) starch (LST) purified diet for 2 wk. They were then fed a high (70 cal%) starch (HST) purified diet for up to 4 wk. Body weights of both age groups were greater in rats fed the LST than in those fed nonpurified diet throughout. The young, but not the middle-aged, group continued this gain while consuming HST. The levels of activity of intestinal disaccharidases of upper (proximal one-third) and lower (middle one-third) jejunum, and pancreatic alpha-amylase were lower in rats fed LST diet in both age groups than in rats fed HST. Similar increases of specific (per protein or DNA) activity were observed in both age groups throughout the first three (disaccharidase) to four (pancreatic alpha-amylase) days of feeding HST. Values of specific activity of the middle-aged group returned to initial levels with continued feeding of HST. In contrast, values in the young group tended to plateau (disaccharidases) or continued to increase (alpha-amylase). Differences in adaptability over 1 mo were most dramatic for alpha-amylase and sucrase, but negligible for lactase.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Precocious increase of sucrase activity by carbohydrates in the small intestine of suckling rats. I. Significance of the stress effect of sugar-induced diarrhea.

In this paper, we analyze the factors involved in the precocious increase of sucrase activity evoked by the early feeding of sucrose in suckling rats, and particularly, the role of diarrhea and stress in this phenomenon. Ten-day-old rats were removed from their mothers and gavage fed for 4 days at 3-h intervals either a basic low carbohydrate milk formula (10.8% fat, 8% protein, 1.4% carbohydrate; all by weight/volume) or basic low carbohydrate milk with: lactose (13%), fructose (13%), or Polycose (2%, 6%, or 13%); all formulas were isocaloric. Feeding the formula containing fructose or high (13%) Polycose led to diarrhea and evoked a concurrent increase of small intestinal sucrase activity. In further experiments, 11-day-old rats were fed the basic formula, the lactose (13%), the fructose (13%), and a sucrose (13%) formula for 8 h between 2 a.m. and 10 a.m. Also, 10-day-old rats were fed 0.5 ml of a solution of 5% mannitol in water while nursing with their mothers. The serum corticosterone levels were substantially increased within 8 h after the initiation of feedings with sucrose and fructose milks and the mannitol solution. The mannitol-fed rats also developed diarrhea within a day in association with a marked increase in sucrase activity. We conclude that a precocious increase of sucrase activity in the small intestine of suckling rats by dietary sugars is not caused by substrate induction, but is mainly due to the effect of stress. The stress is caused by diarrhea which is evoked by the feeding of indigestible and/or unabsorbable amounts of sugar.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Precocious increase of sucrase activity by carbohydrates in the small intestine of suckling rats. II. Role of digestibility of sugars, osmolality, and stomach evacuation in producing diarrhea.

The mechanisms of carbohydrate-induced diarrhea in suckling rats were investigated with respect to osmolality and type of sugar in the milk. Groups of 12-day-old rats were gavage fed either a basic low carbohydrate milk formula [10.8% fat; 8% protein; 1.4% carbohydrate (weight/volume)] or basic formula with added sucrose, fructose, lactose, or glucose polymers, all as 13% (weight/ volume). All formulas were isocaloric. Their corresponding osmolalities were 278, 645, 1,130, 617, and 349 mOsmol/kg, respectively. Gastric evacuation of water-soluble materials from formulas containing sucrose, fructose, or glucose polymers was significantly slower than the gastric evacuation of the basic formula and the formula that contained lactose. The net fluid absorption from the small intestine was significantly greater from the basic and lactose-containing formulas when compared with sucrose, fructose, or glucose polymer-containing formulas. When the synthetic milk formulas were placed directly into the isolated jejunoileum in vivo, the formulas of higher osmolality (fructose, sucrose, and lactose) caused water flux into the intestine at 60 min, while digestion of the lactose formula reversed the water flux within 120 min. We conclude that the type of added sugar is a decisive factor in gastric evacuation, and that water flux into and out of the intestine is significantly affected by the osmolality and rate of digestion and absorption of the carbohydrate in the formula; these differences among sugars may play a significant role in the etiology of diarrhea.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual dysfunction induced by serotonin reuptake antidepressants.

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants have been associated with sexual dysfunction, though there have been few prospective reports specifically examining this problem. The purpose of this study was to determine if three SRIs affected sexual function in patients with an anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder over a 3-month period. Sixty-one patients were evaluated for at least 2 months in a prospective study of the effects of fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine on five aspects of sexual function: libido, erection/lubrication, orgasm quality, orgasm delay, and sexual frequency. Measurements were made at baseline and at each month on visual analog scales. For men and women, orgasm quality was lower and orgasm delay longer at Months 1, 2, and 3 compared with baseline (p < .001). Erection scores were lower over time (p < .02) but this change was less dramatic. Lubrication, libido, and sexual frequency were not appreciably changed over 3 months. Anorgasmia was significantly more common in women than men at Months 1 and 2. Orgasm appears to be a primary sexual function affected by SRIs.

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxic shock syndrome as a complication of orthopaedic surgery.

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was initially described by Todd et al. in 1978. TSS as a complication of orthopaedic surgery was reported in 1984. There have been previously a total of nine cases of TSS reported in orthopaedic patients. These patients presented at an average of 13 days postoperatively compared to 2 days for general surgical patients. Patients with external fixators, however, presented an average of 25 days postoperatively. Menstrual TSS and nonmenstrual TSS present similarly; however, the fatality rate is reported as 10 and 50%, respectively. There was a 27% case fatality rate in orthopaedic patients. Because TSS is not a septicemia but a toxemia, the treatment depends on aggressive hemodynamic stabilization rather than antibiotic therapy. The classical presentation of TSS is not often seen in patients with TSS complicating orthopaedic surgery. Wounds rarely have any signs of infection. This presentation may be even more difficult to identify due to the occasionally long latency period between surgery and the development of TSS. It appears that external fixators may be left in place if there are no signs of infection. This requires further study.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris in the paraplegic. A 5-year review.

In 1970 we carried out the first electrode implantation of the conus medullaris of a 17-year-old male paraplegic to control the emptying of his paralyzed bladder. Our patient has used electromicturition for 6 years to successfully empty his bladder and prevent urinary infection. To date, a total of 11 paraplegic patients have been implanted (6 males, 5 females). The cause of the paraplegia was the result of trauma, and the implants were performed from 16 days to 15 years postinjury. All the patients had experienced numerous urinary infections and required constant catheter drainage, and it was the opinion of our urologic associate that current methods of control of the bladder problem were of no avail. The bladder was considered to be atonic in 7 patients and spastic in 4. The results indicate that after a follow-up of 1--6 years, 8 patients have complete control of voiding by electrical stimulation (4 female, 4 male). 2 of the males required partial sphincterotomy to improve emptying, but none of the females experienced sphincter interference. One male quadriparetic patient died 7 months postimplantation of pneumonia and hepatitis. There have been no infections related to the implantable device; however, 1 female broke the connecting wires to the spinal cord electrode during a paraplegic basketball game. In addition to the induced electrical contraction of the bladder, we have observed increased autonomic activity below the level of the spinal cord transection, improved defecation, reduction of spasticity in the paralyzed legs, penile erection in males, and reduction of decalcification of the long bones. This group of patients represents the longest use of an implantable electronic device to control bladder function.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathology of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis).

Lesions caused by experimentally produced mixed infections (two flukes, Phagicola longa and Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, and an ascarid, Contracaecum sp.) were studied in 40 brown pelicans. The flukes occurred throughout the intestines and caused mild villus atrophy, lengthening of the crypts, increased goblet cell population, and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. Contracaecum caused small ulcers where they attached to the esophagus and proventriculus. Microscopically, these ulcers had an eosinophilic, hyaline lining surrounded by focal necrosis, cellular infiltration, and fibrosis. Changes in several biochemical constituents of the blood were seen. These gastrointestinal parasitisms had low virulence, and they probably play a secondary role as a factor influencing population fluctuations in brown pelicans.

Animals↗