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Biomedical subjects

J Goodman

Publications and source records attributed to J Goodman.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Creatine ingestion increases anaerobic capacity and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that ingestion of creatine monohydrate increases anaerobic exercise capacity, as reflected by the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Subjects were assigned, double-blind, to placebo (PL, n = 12) or creatine (CR, n = 14) groups and ingested 5-g doses 4 times daily of artificial sweetener or artificially sweetened creatine monohydrate, respectively, for 5 days. On a separate day subjects exercised to exhaustion at 125% VO2max. After two familiarization trials, MAOD was again determined before treatment, after 5 days of PL or CR treatment, and 7 days later. MAOD increased after CR treatment from 4.04 +/- 0.31 to 4.41 +/- 0.34 L (p < .001) and remained elevated for another 7 days (4.31 +/- 0.33, p < .001). Time to exhaustion also increased in CR from 130 +/- 7 to 141 +/- 7 s (p < .01) and remained increased for another 7 days (139 +/- 8 s, p < .01). These data demonstrate that ingesting creatine monohydrate for 5 days increases the MAOD, and is likely to have an ergogenic effect on supramaximal exercise performance that persists for at least a week after treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Brain and erythrocyte anion transporter protein, band 3, as a marker for Alzheimer's disease: structural changes detected by electron microscopy, phosphorylation, and antibodies.

Band 3, a ubiquitous membrane transport, regulatory, and structural protein, is represented in brain by at least 4 isoforms. Bands 3 in brain performs the same functions as it does in erythrocytes (RBC). It is susceptible to oxidative damage, which, ultimately, terminates its life and that of the cell. We examined the changes band 3 undergoes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) because our previous studies suggest that band 3 is a pivotal protein in neurological disease. Because we hypothesize that AD is a total body disease, we examined peripheral blood cells as well as brain tissue to determine whether the same changes occur in both. Our results indicate that posttranslational changes occur in RBC band 3 that parallel changes in brain band 3. These include decreased 32P-phosphate labeling in vitro of band 3 polypeptides in brain and RBC, increased degradation of band 3, alteration in band 3 recognized by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and decreased anion and glucose transport by blood cells. Serum autoantibodies to band 3 peptides 588-602 and 822-839 were increased in AD patients compared to controls. These band 3 residues lie in anion transport/binding regions. This is consistent with alteration of this region in AD since it is recognized as antigenically different by the patients' immune system. Our data support an immunological component to AD. The finding that changes in RBC in AD reflect those in brain and can be recognized by antibodies should facilitate development of blood tests for diagnosis and monitoring, and early therapy. It is anticipated that identification of molecular sites of posttranslational modification of band 3 will enable us to design specific preventive and treatment strategies, and target drugs to crucial molecular sites.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in the bladder.

During bladder development, undifferentiated mesenchymal and epithelial cells undergo an orderly sequence of differentiation defined by the expression of smooth-muscle (alpha-actin, myosin, vinculin, desmin, vimentin, and laminin) and epithelial (cytokeratins 5, 7, 8, 14, 18 and 19) protein markers. This process requires mesenchymal-epithelial interactions with bladder epithelium (urothelium) necessary for the differentiation of bladder smooth muscle. Peptide growth factors such as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and transforming growth factors (TGF) alpha and beta are likely candidates as mediators of these mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Transcripts for KGF, TGF alpha, and TGF beta are regulated during bladder development and during smooth-muscle hypertrophy secondary to bladder-outlet obstruction. Finally, two experimental bladder models--(1) partial outlet obstruction and (2) regeneration of bladder smooth muscle into an acellular tissue matrix--are described in the context of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in the bladder.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Tracheal gas insufflation is a useful adjunct in permissive hypercapnic management of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Despite numerous advances in critical care, the mortality of postinjury acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains high. Recently, permissive hypercapnia (PHC) has been shown to be a viable alternative to traditional ventilator management in patients with ARDS. However, lowering tidal volume, as employed in PHC, below 5 cc/kg impinges upon anatomic dead space and precipitates a significant rise in PaCO2 The purpose of this study was to determine if continuous tracheal gas insufflation (cTGI) is a useful adjunct to PHC by lowering PaCO2, thus allowing adequate reduction in minute ventilation to achieve alveolar protection. METHODS: Over a 5-year period, 68 trauma patients with ARDS were placed on permissive hypercapnia. Nine of these patients additionally received cTGI at 7 L/min. Arterial blood gas determinations and ventilatory parameters were examined immediately prior to the implementation of cTGI and after 6h. RESULTS: The cTGI produced significant improvement in pH (7.25 +/- 0.03 to 7.33 +/- 0.03), PaCO2 (72 +/- 5 to 59 +/- 5 torr), tidal volume (7.9 +/- 0.6 to 7.2 +/- 0.6 cc/kg), and minute ventilation (13 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 1 L/min; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous TGI is a useful adjunct to permissive hypercapnia, allowing maintenance of an acceptable pH and PaCO2 while allowing further reduction in tidal volume and minute ventilation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Esophageal and duodenal atresia in a fetus with Down's syndrome: prenatal sonographic features.

Ultrasound examination of a 22-week fetus demonstrated a grossly distended stomach and proximal duodenum, with a large cystic area in the chest. There was associated polyhydramnios. A presumptive diagnosis of duodenal atresia with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia was made. Analysis of a fetal blood sample showed that the fetus had Down's syndrome. Histological examination after termination of the pregnancy revealed the unusual combination of duodenal and esophageal atresia, with an intact diaphragm.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Ultrastructural dynamics of mitochondrial morphology in varying functional forms of human adrenal cortical adenoma.

Adrenal cortical mitochondria display an extensive capacity to adapt morphologically to the functional state of the adrenal cortical cell. In the present study, we have used transmission electron microscopy to analyze cortical tissues from 3 normal human adrenal glands (zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa), and from 8 steroid-secreting adrenal cortical adenomas (3 cortisol-producing, 4 aldosterone-producing, and 1 progesterone-producing tumor), correlating both clinical and biochemical features with cellular ultrastructure. The morphology of mitochondria was related to the enzyme activity and steroid-biosynthetic capacity of each tumor. Cells from aldosterone-producing adenomas demonstrated a large number of elongated tubular mitochondria with characteristic bridging of inner membranes, producing a lamellar-type pattern. Cells from cortisol-producing adenomas showed large round mitochondria with vesicular or tubulovesicular inner membranes surrounded by a characteristic dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. A highly unusual progesterone-producing adenoma, in which a deficiency of 21 alpha-hydroxylase activity was demonstrated, showed a peculiar type of enlarged lamellar mitochondria with bright inner matrix and a reduced number of inner membranes. Therefore, the ultrastructural characteristics of adrenal cortical mitochondria appear to be potential markers for the differentiation of steroid-producing adenomas. These studies point to the possibility of a broader use of electron microscopy in the study of adrenal tumors.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1996

Cross-validation of the Delirium Rating Scale in older patients.

OBJECTIVE: To cross-validate the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Geriatric medicine and geriatric psychiatry assessment units and consultation services. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 104 older patients on the above services. MEASUREMENTS: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, Barthel Index score, DRS score, Blessed Dementia Scale score, clinical diagnoses using DSM-III-R criteria. MAIN RESULTS: The mean DRS score was highest in the delirium group. Cronbach's alpha was .90, and inter-rater reliability of total scores was .91 (intra-class correlation). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for the DRS was significantly higher than the MMSE as a test for delirium. At its published cutpoint of 10, the sensitivity of the DRS is .82 and the specificity is 94. The value at which the sensitivity of the DRS is .90 is 8, at which specificity is .82. CONCLUSIONS: The DRS appears to a feasible instrument. In a sample with a high proportion of delirious patients, it has acceptable measurement properties when used by expert observers.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Mycobacterium tuberculosis invades and replicates within type II alveolar cells.

Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis is assumed to infect primarily alveolar macrophages after being aspirated into the lung in aerosol form, it is plausible to hypothesize that M. tuberculosis can come in contact with alveolar epithelial cells upon arrival into the alveolar space. Therefore, as a first step toward investigation of the interaction between M. tuberculosis and alveolar epithelial cells, we examined the ability of M. tuberculosis to bind to and invade alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. The H37Rv and H37Ra strains of M. tuberculosis were cultured to mid-log phase and used in both adherence and invasion assays. The A549 human type II alveolar cell line was cultured to confluence in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, and nonessential amino acids. H37Rv was more efficient in entering A549 cells than H37Ra, Mycobacterium avium, and Escherichia coli Hb101, and nonpiliated strain (4.7% +/- 1.0% of the initial inoculum in 2 h compared with 3.1% +/- 0.8%, 2.1% +/- 0.9%, and 0.03% +/- 0.0%, respectively). The invasion was more efficient at 37 degrees C than 30 degrees C (4.7% +/- 1.0% compared with 2.3% +/- 0.8%). H37Rv and H37Ra were both capable of multiplying intracellularly at a similar ration over 4 days. Binding was inhibited up to 55.7% by anti-CD51 antibody (antivitronectin receptor), up to 55% with anti-CD29 antibody (beta(1) integrin), and 79% with both antibodies used together. Update of M. tuberculosis H37Rv was microtubule and microfilament dependent. It was inhibited by 6l.4% in the presence of 10 micron colchicine and by 72.3% in the presence of 3 micron cytochalasin D, suggesting two separate pathways for uptake. Our results show that M. tuberculosis is capable of invading type II alveolar epithelial cells and raise the possibility that invasion of alveolar epithelial cells is associated with the pathogenesis of lung infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Endurance-trained and untrained skeletal muscle bioenergetics observed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Resting and submaximal isometric exercise 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was carried out on 7 endurance-trained males (26.0 +/- 3 yrs) and 7 sedentary males (27.0 +/- 4 yrs). Spectral analysis provided peak areas of phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the chemical shift of Pi relative to PCr. The ratio of PCr/Pi was moderately lower during rest (preexercise p = .13, postexercise p = .18), and significantly higher during exercise (p < .05) in the trained subjects. Intracellular pH patterns were the same for both groups; a transient alkalosis was observed at the onset of exercise with a return to resting levels after 2 min. Differences suggest improved ATP resynthesis rate in the trained subjects during exercise. Intracellular pH changes can be attributed to the utilization of hydrogen ions that accompany PCr hydrolysis during work. The findings are congruent with previous reports indicating a superior oxidative capacity in trained skeletal muscle.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1995

The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide and nitric oxide in gastric mucosal hyperemia and protection.

It has been suggested that capsaicin-induced hyperemia and mucosal protection occurs via calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from gastric afferent sensory neurons and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether capsaicin and/or bile acid induced hyperemia is mediated by CGRP and/or NO. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-350 g) were anesthetized, and the glandular stomach (blood supply intact) was chambered between two plastic rings. Animals were divided into six groups. Normal saline (groups 1 and 4), the NO inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 3.75 mg/ml, groups 2 and 5), or the CGRP antagonist hCGRP8-37 (0.047 mg/ml, groups 3 and 6) was continuously infused intraarterially (ia) close to the stomach at a rate of 0.034 ml/min for 1 hr via a catheter inserted retrogradely into the splenic artery. Fifteen minutes after the onset of this infusion, the gastric mucosa was topically exposed to neutral saline solution for 15 min, followed by 160 microM capsaicin for 15 min. The mucosa was then injured by a 15-min exposure to either 5 mM acidified taurocholate (ATC, pH 1.2) in groups 1-3 or 10 mM ATC in groups 4-6. Gastric mucosal blood flow (ml/min/100 g) was continuously measured (laser doppler), and injury was assessed by measuring net transmucosal H+ flux, luminal accumulation of DNA, and histologic grading (0 = no injury to 3 = severe) by an independent observer. Intraarterial infusion of L-NAME significantly blocked the hyperemic response of topical capsaicin while having minimal effect on bile acid-induced hyperemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The association between small size for gestational age and perinatal and neonatal death in a UK Regional Health Authority.

Confidential enquiry into stillbirth and death in infancy is a health service requirement in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. A confidential review of perinatal death has been conducted in South-East Thames Region since 1988. Data collected for this review are analysed here. Among the 1662 singleton deaths in the enquiry from 1988 to 1991, 530 (32%) babies were small for gestational age (SGA < 10th centile): 338 of these (64%) were < 3rd centile and the remainder were between 3rd-10th centile. Small size for gestational age was significantly associated with a previous SGA baby (P = 0.02), proteinuric hypertension (P = 0.001) and increased placental-birthweight ratio (P = 0.008). Only 135 (25%) SGA fetuses were identified antenatally and multiple logistic regression showed that antenatal detection was independently related to proteinuric hypertension [odds ratio (OR) = 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-4.17, P = 0.001) and to being < 3rd centile rather than 3rd-10th centile (OR = 3.16, 95% CI 1.96-5.10, P = 0.001). Although confidential enquiries have been criticised for a lack of objectivity the study indicates how data from such an enquiry can increase knowledge of events influencing peri- and neonatal outcome allowing strategies to be devised to effect change.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1994

Autoantibodies to band 3 during aging and disease and aging interventions.

An aging antigen, senescent cell antigen, resides on the 911-amino acid membrane protein band 3. It marks cells for removal by initiating specific IgG autoantibody binding. Band 3 is a ubiquitous membrane transport protein found in the plasma membrane of diverse cell types and tissues, and in nuclear, mitochondrial, and golgi membranes. Band 3 in tissues such as brain performs the same functions as it does in red cells. Senescent cell antigen is generated on brain menbranes. Oxidation is a mechanism for generating senescent cell antigen. Neither cross-linking nor hemoglobin appears to play a role in generating senescent cell antigen. Although storage is the only in vitro model that mimics cellular aging in situ, we have discovered three alterations/mutations of band 3 that permit insight into aging in situ. One mutation with an addition to band 3 has normal or decelerated red cell aging. In contrast, another band 3 alteration with a suspected deletion or substitution that renders band 3 more susceptible to proteolysis, shows accelerated aging. The third alteration, which is also more susceptible to proteolysis, is associated with neurologic defects. Peptide technology was used to map the aging antigenic sites and anion transport sites on band 3 using a competitive inhibition assay and immunoblotting with IgG directed against the aging antigen on old cells. Results indicate that: a) aging antigenic sites reside on human band 3 residues 538-554, and 812-830; b) a putative ankyrin binding region peptide is not involved in senescent cell antigen activity; and (c) carbohydrate moieties are not required for the antigenicity or recognition of senescent cell antigen since synthetic peptides alone abolish binding of senescent cell IgG to erythrocytes. Peptide residues 588-594 (a 7-amino acid peptide), 822-839, and 869-883 were the most active inhibitors of anion transport (p < or = 0.001 compared to control without peptide). Localization of the active antigenic and transport sites on band 3 molecule facilitates definition of the molecular changes occurring during aging that initiate molecular as well as cellular degeneration. The role of senescent cell antigen and band 3 in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease is discussed. Antibodies to one component of synthetic senescent cell antigen distinguish between Alzheimer's and normal tissue.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Molecular basis of human band-3 mutation associated with increased anion transport.

Band 3, the anion transporter, is a ubiquitous protein. It is present in brain and all other tissues. Not only is band 3 present in cell membranes, but also in nuclear, Golgi, and mitochondrion membranes. Band 3 is involved in respiration, acid-base balance, and is the major structural protein linking the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton. Thus, alterations/mutations in the transport segment of the band-3 molecule might be expected to be of major importance. We discovered and sequenced a mutation of band 3, high-transport band 3 (HTbd3), that exhibits anion transport that is 2-3 time above normal. Anion transport studies of the family members revealed that red cells from the proposita, one of two siblings, and both parents had abnormally increased anion transport (increased Vmax). We used synthetic peptides of band 3 to help localize the change along the band-3 molecule. Results suggest that high-transport band 3 is altered in or near residue 869-883. This places the alteration toward the carboxyl terminal of band 3. cDNA sequencing demonstrated that the mutation was a proline to leucine at residue 868. A peptide was synthesized corresponding to residues 853-870 for testing in the anion transport inhibition assay. This peptide significantly inhibited anion transport (p < or = 0.001) indicating that it is an anion transport/binding region of band 3. Thus, DNA technology confirms the validity of the anion transport inhibition assay for localizing transport regions. Glucose transport is decreased in affected individuals. The HTbd3 mutation appears benign as determined by the red cell aging panel. IgG binding, creatinine, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are normal. Our studies indicate that the most rapid and sensitive techniques for detecting band-3 alterations are polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, IgG binding, and anion transport studies. This is the only mutation of band 3 discovered to date the affects the transmembrane, anion transport region of band 3.

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte↗
PubMed1993

Formative evaluation: implementation of primary nursing.

Staff nurses initiated the change from a total patient care to a primary nursing delivery system. The effects of the change were measured on the following: nurses' perceptions of their work environment; communication and collaboration with other health care professionals; parent satisfaction and quality of care provided, and direct and indirect nursing activities. The measurements were taken prior to, six months and twelve months post implementation. Action was taken based on the findings of this evaluation process which enabled the facilitation of the change process.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗