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Biomedical subjects

J Goodall

Publications and source records attributed to J Goodall.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Babies with spina bifida treated without surgery: parents' views on home versus hospital care.

From 1971 to 1981, 98 babies born with meningomyelocoele at the North Staffordshire Hospital Centre's district maternity hospital, were thought not suitable for surgery. Sixty three survived for more than one week. Over the period the hospital's policy changed: initially all such babies were kept in hospital, but later parents were given the choice of taking their baby home for palliative and terminal care. In an attempt to determine parents' views on the care of their baby the parents of 44 of the babies who survived to one week were traced in 1985-6, five to 14 years later; 80 of them were asked how they felt about the lives and deaths of their babies. Eighteen babies had been taken home, and they had lived longer than the 26 who had been cared for in hospital. Parents whose baby had remained in hospital were sadder than those who had taken their baby home when they looked back at their experiences, and they also considered that their baby's life had been of poor quality. Most of those who had taken their baby home had a more positive view of their child's life. The figures suggest that the bereavement process after a baby's death is longer than has been thought, but despite residual sadness just over half of the parents interviewed thought that something positive had come out of their experience.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1988

Chimpanzees and AIDS research.

Pressure is mounting to relax the regulations on importation of chimpanzees for research. Such a policy is unnecessary and would deepen the plight of an already endangered species.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Trypsin-sensitive neutralization site on VP1 of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses.

We generated Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus mutants resistant to several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) having their epitopes near a trypsin cleavage site of VP1. Neutralization and Western blot (immunoblot) studies suggest that two of the MAbs have identical epitopes that partly overlap the epitope of a third MAb. Sequencing of RNA of the mutants localized the epitopes to a site near the carboxyl end of VP1. The limited diversity of nucleotide changes seen in the mutants and the immunodominance of the site suggest that the carboxyl end of VP1 may have an important function.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Quantification of the actions of agonists that simultaneously act on a particular type of receptor and have separate functional interactant properties.

Null equations have been derived which allow quantification of the agonist properties of a compound that is able to modify the state of a tissue simultaneously by interacting with a particular type of receptor and by other means. Parameters can be estimated which separately characterize the agonist properties of the compound and its functional interactant effect. The null equations have been tested in a model system by using a mixture of papaverine (5 microM) and hexyltrimethylammonium bromide (30 microM) to mimic an agonist which also has functional antagonist properties. The values obtained for the various parameters measured directly and indirectly are in good general agreement, confirming the validity of the model.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Meptazinol has a similar agonist action on opioid receptors in field-stimulated mouse vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum.

The effects of the opioid receptor agonist RX783006 and of the opioid receptor partial agonist (+)-meptazinol have been examined on electrically induced twitch responses of the guinea-pig isolated ileum and of the mouse isolated vas deferens. Log10 concentration-tissue state curves were determined for (+)-meptazinol and RX783006, alone, in combination and in the presence of naloxone (30 nM). Analysis of these log10 concentration-tissue state curves using the null equations derived and tested in the preceding paper indicates that the opioid agonist action of (+)-meptazinol on mouse vas deferens is quantitatively similar to that on guinea-pig ileum. The results also suggest that (+)-meptazinol acts as a functional antagonist on the guinea-pig ileum as well as on the mouse vas deferens. The potency of (+)-meptazinol relative to RX783006 has been measured by an indirect method which should eliminate any functional antagonistic action of (+)-meptazinol. This method gives a relative potency of (+)-meptazinol in both tissues which is three to six times greater than that measured directly on guinea-pig ileum. This discrepancy may be due to experimental error but it may also indicate that direct measurements on guinea-pig ileum underestimate the agonist potency of this compound on opioid receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Similarity between mu-opioid receptors in mouse vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum.

The effects of the opioid receptor agonist RX783006 and of the opioid receptor partial agonist (+)-meptazinol have been examined on electrically-induced twitch responses of the guinea-pig isolated ileum and of the mouse isolated vas deferens. Log10 concentration-tissue state curves were determined for (+)-meptazinol and for RX783006, alone, in combination and, when appropriate, in the presence of naloxone (30 nM). Analysis of these log10 concentration-tissue state curves using the null equations derived and verified in the previous paper allows quantitation of the characteristics of the interaction of (+)-meptazinol with the opioid receptors in these tissues. The results indicate that the apparent differences in the actions of (+)-meptazinol on isolated electrically-stimulated guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens can be accounted for without the need to postulate differences between mu-opioid receptors in these two tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A contribution, from a possible local anaesthetic action, to the effects of yohimbine on evoked noradrenaline overflow.

Both yohimbine (0.1 to 10 microM) and phentolamine (10 microM) increased the tritium overflow evoked by electrical stimulation (2.5 Hz, 1 ms, 15 V, for 90 s every 20 min) of mouse isolated vas deferens previously incubated with (-)-[3H]noradrenaline. At their maximally effective concentrations, phentolamine (10 microM) produced an effect that was sustained over the 2 h of the experiment while the effect of yohimbine (6 microM) decreased by about 60% over the first 40 min and was then sustained at a lower level. At higher concentrations of yohimbine, the increase in evoked tritium overflow was less marked and at the highest concentration tested (30 microM) evoked overflow was reduced below the levels seen before exposure to the drug. It is concluded that at concentrations maximally effective in inhibiting the presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism controlling transmitter release, the known local anaesthetic effect of yohimbine may contribute to the overall effect on evoked transmitter overflow.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1984

Pharmacological effects of meptazinol and its enantiomers on guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens.

Electrically induced twitch responses of mouse vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum were inhibited by morphine, normorphine and the peptide opioid agonist RX783006; naloxone blocked the effects of all three opioid agonists yielding Ke values which were not significantly different and which were within the range (1-4 nM) expected for mu-type receptors. At concentrations between 0.1 and 10 microM (+)-meptazinol inhibited the twitch response of the ileum while (-)-meptazinol produced potentiation. Naloxone (20 nM) completely blocked the effect of (+)-meptazinol and further increased the potentiation produced by (-)-meptazinol. In the mouse vas deferens preparation neither isomer affected the electrically induced twitch response at concentrations below 5 microM and higher concentrations (10-300 microM) produced potentiation. Naloxone (20 nM) did not modify this effect. It is concluded that both isomers are opioid agonists on the mu-receptors in guinea-pig ileum but not in mouse vas deferens and that a cholinergic component, which may contribute to the action of meptazinol in-vivo, is present to a smaller extent in the (+)-isomer.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Outer Hebrides compared with north-east Scotland and the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

Multiple sclerosis has been reported to have a high prevalence in the Orkney and Shetland Islands and in Caithness in comparison with the highlands of Scotland and the Outer Hebrides-the Western Isles. For this reason a survey was undertaken in the Outer Hebrides and 25 probable and 30 probable and possible patients with multiple sclerosis were found. This is an increase from eight and 11 respectively found in 1954. The present prevalence rate of 97.3 per 100 000 for probable and possible multiple sclerosis is not significantly different from that found in a recent study in the Grampian region in north-east Scotland. Repeated studies in small populations generally show increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis because some patients are missed in the earlier studies, and over a long period of time there may also be some increase in survival time. This increase has been found in the Orkney and Shetland Islands, in north-east Scotland, and also in the Outer Hebrides.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Malnutrition and the family: deprivation in kwashiorkor.

The background to social and emotional deprivation is discussed and applied to a study of kwashiorkor in East African children. A group of 107 children with kwashiorkor was compared with 111 controls. Age, sex and tribe were all found to have significances of their own: fifty of each group were therefore matched for these three factors. Ten other factors were found to be significant in the background of children with kwashiorkor, all of which could be associated with social or emotional deprivation or both (see Table 14). It is concluded that, in childhood, sustained personal care and affection are essential to normal growth.

Adult↗