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Biomedical subjects

J Friskopp

Publications and source records attributed to J Friskopp.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Plasma levels of lidocaine and prilocaine after application of Oraqix, a new intrapocket anesthetic, in patients with advanced periodontitis.

BACKGROUND, AIMS: Oraqix, a new non-injection local anesthetic, lidocaine/prilocaine gel 5%, has been developed to provide pain relief in association with periodontal probing and scaling/root planing (SRP). The aim of this open study was to describe the plasma profiles of lidocaine and prilocaine following a single dose of Oraqix to patients with advanced periodontitis. METHODS: 10 patients with 18 to 28 teeth with pocket depths of at least 4 mm were included. Oraqix was applied in the pockets around all the teeth in the mouth by means of a blunt applicator. The total dose applied per patient was 0.9 to 3.5 g. Directly thereafter all the pockets were probed and 3 teeth subjected to SRP. The mouth was rinsed out with a glass of water 20-27 min after the application of the gel. Blood samples were collected before and up to 90 min after the start of application of Oraqix. RESULTS: Peak plasma concentrations of lidocaine (99-266 ng/ml) and prilocaine (46-118 ng/ml) occurred 20-40 min after the start of application. These levels were low compared to those reported to cause initial signs of CNS toxicity (5000-6000 ng/ml). Side-effects were few and mild local effects of short duration. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, there is a large safety margin with respect to systemic effects following the application of up to 3.5 g Oraqix in periodontal pockets.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2001

The anesthetic onset and duration of a new lidocaine/prilocaine gel intra-pocket anesthetic (Oraqix) for periodontal scaling/root planing.

BACKGROUND: A new non-injection anesthetic, lidocaine/prilocaine gel (Oraqix, AstraZeneca) in a reversible thermosetting system, has been developed to provide local anesthesia for scaling/root planing (SRP). The aim of this study was to determine the anesthetic onset and duration of the gel for SRP in patients with periodontitis. METHODS: 30 patients were randomized to either 30 s, 2 min, or 5 min of treatment with the gel prior to SRP of a tooth. The gel was applied to periodontal pockets with a blunt applicator. On completion of the SRP of each tooth (2-3 teeth treated/patient), the patients rated their pain on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: The median VAS pain score was 7.5 mm in the 30-s group, 28.5 mm in the 2-min group, and 15.5 mm in the 5-min group, with a significant difference between the 30-s and 2-min groups (p=0.03). In 2 patients in the 5-min group, but none in the other groups, the SRP was interrupted due to pain. The mean duration of anesthesia measured as pain on probing were 18.1, 17.3, and 19.9 min in the 30-s, 2-min, and 5-min groups, respectively. There were no reports of numbness of the tongue, lip, or cheek, neither were there any adverse local reactions in the oral mucosa. The gel was easy to apply and did not interfere with the SRP procedure. CONCLUSION: Oraqix provides anesthesia after an application time of 30 s, with a mean duration of action of about 17 to 20 min.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Clinical safety of enamel matrix derivative (EMDOGAIN) in the treatment of periodontal defects.

The aim of the present clinical trial was to test tolerability during 2 treatments with EMDOGAIN in a large number of patients. An open, controlled study design in 10 Swedish specialist clinics was chosen, with a test group of 107 patients treated with EMDOGAIN in connection with periodontal surgery at 2 surgical test sites per patient. The procedures were performed 2 to 6 weeks apart on one-rooted teeth with at least 4 mm deep intraosseous lesions. A control group of 33 patients underwent flap surgery without EMDOGAIN at 1 comparable site. In total, 214 test and 33 control surgeries were performed. Serum samples were obtained from test patients for analysis of total and specific antibody levels. 10 of the patients had samples taken before and after the first surgery, 56 other samples were taken after one treatment with EMDOGAIN, and 63 after 2 treatments. None of the samples, not even from allergy-prone patients after 2 treatments, indicated deviations from established baseline ranges. This indicates that the immunogenic potential of EMDOGAIN is extremely low when applied in conjunction with periodontal surgery. Comparison between the test and control groups demonstrated the same type and frequency of postsurgical experiences, i.e., reactions caused by the surgical procedure itself. Clinical probing and radiographic evaluation was performed at baseline and 8 months postsurgery. About half of the patients (44 test and 21 control) were also evaluated after 3 years. There was a significant difference between the test and control results at 8 months postsurgery, and this difference had increased further at the 3 year follow-up. The 2.5-3 mm increase in attachment and bone level after treatment with EMDOGAIN was of the same magnitude as seen in the studies with split-mouth design aiming for test of effectiveness of EMDOGAIN.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Influence of granulation tissue, dental calculus and contaminated root cementum on periodontal wound healing. An experimental study in monkeys.

The rôle of gingival granulation tissue, dental calculus and contaminated root cementum in marginal periodontal formation of new attachment was studied experimentally after chemical conditioning of the root surfaces of premolars and molars in 8 monkeys. Each treatment procedure was carried out in 4 monkeys. The other 4 monkeys served as controls. A morphometrical method was used to evaluate the results. It was concluded that a significant amount of new attachment including formation of new adhering cementum will result only on chemically-conditioned cementum surfaces. Small amounts of calculus or granulation tissue left in situ do not seem to influence healing, provided the cementum is left intact after chemical cleansing.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1989

Immunohistochemical study of neurochemical markers in gingiva obtained from periodontitis-affected sites.

Immunohistochemical methods have been used to study the occurrence of neuronal markers in human gingiva from periodontitis-affected sites. In periodontitis-affected buccal gingiva densely distributed neurofilament (NF)-immunoreactive (IR) fiber bundles were observed in the deeper parts of the propria, while NF-IR single fibers occurred in the superficial propria and occasionally in the buccal epithelium. Periodontitis-affected gingiva obtained from interproximal sites showed only sparsely distributed NF-IR fibers. Single nerve fibers immuno-reactive to the peptides substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide occurred close to or within the epithelium in both buccal and interproximal gingiva. Around blood vessels neuropeptide Y-, peptide histidine-isoleucine amide- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-IR fibers were occasionally observed, while clusters of gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-IR cells were found in the propria, in addition to gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone IR nerve fibers. Somatostatin-IR dendritic cells were seen in epithelium and propria of buccal and interproximal gingiva, although a high variability in the number of SOM-IR cells was observed. All neuronal markers studied showed a similar distribution in material obtained from young patients with clinically healthy gingivae, although the number of NF-IR fibers in the propria in these subjects was lower. The results demonstrate that in gingiva obtained from periodontitis-affected sites several different biologically active peptides occur in both nerve fibers and cells. At least some of these substances could possible play a role in the inflammatory process. However, since clinically normal gingiva was shown to contain nerve fibers and cells expressing immunoreactivity to the substances studied, no unique periodontitis-induced expression of the neuronal markers studied was found. Thus, any alteration of these substances during the periodontitis process remains to be elucidated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of mononuclear cells in cyclosporin A induced gingival enlargement.

Gingival biopsies from five patients with cyclosporin A (CsA) induced enlargement of the gingiva contained prominent mononuclear infiltrates beneath the epithelial basement membrane. These infiltrates and surrounding tissues were studied using monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocytes and their subgroups (OKT 3, OKT 4, OKT 8, Leu 3 and Leu 4), monocytes (OKM 1) and the framework structure of HLA-DR antigens (OKI al). As revealed by the reactivity of these antibodies the vast majority of the mononuclear cells in two individuals consisted of monocytes and in the others of T-lymphocytes. Virtually no B-lymphocytes were observed. The ratio between T-cells bearing T 4 and T 8 antigens, in separate biopsies, varied between 6 and 0.3. Control biopsies were obtained from the gingiva of seven healthy individuals without gingivitis. These biopsies contained relatively few mononuclear cells all of which had T-lymphocyte phenotype.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Gingival enlargement. A comparison between cyclosporine and azathioprine treated renal allograft recipients.

The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (CsA) which is used to facilitate renal transplantations, has shown several side effects. Gingival hyperplasia has been demonstrated in animal experiments and also during treatment of humans. In the present study the prevalence of gingival enlargement was investigated in a group of patients treated with CsA. The results were compared with those obtained from a time matched control group of patients treated with azathioprine. The CsA treated patients showed a high prevalence of gingival enlargement, while the azathioprine treated patients showed none. Edentulous patients showed no gingival enlargement. The gingival enlargement was confined to the free gingiva and the interdental papilla, and had a rough surface, with small fissures. It was extremely fragile and bled on probing. Oral hygiene measures showed a slight reduction of the size of the gingival enlargement.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Crystallography of supragingival and subgingival human dental calculus.

Selected area electron diffraction of sections and individual crystal fragments of human dental calculus has demonstrated that octacalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and whitlockite form the inorganic part of both supragingival and subgingival dental calculus. However, the major constituents in supragingival calculus are platelet-shaped crystals of octacalcium phosphate and needle-shaped crystals of hydroxyapatite, while bulk crystals of whitlockite is the predominant component in subgingival calculus. The subgingival samples seemed to be better crystallized than the supragingival ones. The results obtained by the electron optical and X-ray powder investigations are in good agreement.

Calcium Phosphates↗
PubMed1984

A quantitative microradiographic study of mineral content of supragingival and subgingival dental calculus.

This study was undertaken to determine the distribution and concentration of mineral in supragingival and subgingival dental calculus. Extracted incisors and premolars with attached dental calculus were used. After fixation the specimens were dehydrated and embedded in methylmethacrylate and 100-micrometers-thick ground sections were made. Microradiographs were produced and the mineral content in the sections was determined photometrically, using an aluminum step-wedge as a reference system. The distribution of the mineral varied considerably within the specimens and between different specimens. Supragingival calculus appeared heterogeneous and often stratified, containing areas that seemed to be non-calcified. The average mineral content was 37% by volume. By contrast subgingival calculus appeared homogeneously calcified, with an average mineral content of 58%. No differences in mineral content between surface areas and portions close to the tooth were seen. This indicates that once the calculus is formed no changes occur in the mineral content, i.e. no maturation occurs with age. Local variations in mineral content within the calculus might be explained by periodic differences in the fluid environment of the microbial plaque.

Absorption↗
PubMed1984

The morphology of salivary calculi. A scanning electron microscopic study.

Salivary calculi are a common disorder in the submandibular gland duct system, but the etiology and pathogenesis of the concrements remain unclear. Ten submandibular gland calculi were examined in a scanning electron microscope after critical-point drying, fracturing, and gold coating. The surface of the calculi was built up of numerous knobs covered by a smooth and occasionally filamentous substance, probably of mucinous origin. Microorganisms were commonly found at the surface. The nuclei of the calculi, which were rather homogeneous, were surrounded by lamellated structures. Between the lamellae spheroid bodies, 20-100 microns in diameter, were present. These spheroid bodies are probably of mucinous origin, which together with an amorphous granulated substance builds up the matrix. Microorganism-like structures occasionally appeared at the interface between lamellae. Microorganisms can be an important factor by providing an organic matrix in the later phase of the pathogenesis of salivary calculi. However, the nuclei did not show morphological evidence of any particular factor explaining the etiology of salivary calculus.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1983

Immunoglobulins in human dental calculus demonstrated with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method.

IgG and IgA were demonstrated in both sub- and supragingival dental calculus. Their distribution followed mainly incremental lines in the calculus. Most likely they originated from saliva and gingival fluid. Immunoglobulins which are adsorbed to crystals in biologic tissues may slow down the growth rate of the crystals. It was thus suggested that the incremental lines may be caused by the accumulation of IgG and IgA on the surface of dental calculus with a subsequent arrest in growth.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1983

Ultrastructure of nondecalcified supragingival and subgingival calculus.

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE of nondecalcified supragingival and subgingival calculus was studied in mature deposits. To facilitate sectioning of the embedded material, a thin reinforcing film of plastic was painted on the block. A new film was applied for each section. Light microscopy showed that supragingival calculus was heterogeneous with islets of calcified material within the covering plaque and with noncalcified areas within the calculus. Under transmission electron microscopy supragingival calculus was heterogeneous, dominated by microorganisms, small needle-shaped crystals and large ribbon-like crystals. In the covering soft plaque small crystals were often scattered in the intermicrobial matrix. In the supragingival calculus itself noncalcified microorganisms were surrounded with densely packed small crystals. There were also rosettes and bundles of large crystals. Subgingival calculus was homogeneous in light microscopy. The covering plaque contained no calcified material and only calcified material was seen within the calculus itself. Transmission electron microscopy of subgingival calculus revealed crystals of small size only. Subgingivally very few noncalcified microorganisms were seen within the calculus. The bacterial cell wall seemed to be the structure that was last calcified, both supragingivally and subgingivally.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1982

An enzyme histochemical study of dental plaque and calculus.

The following investigation was undertaken to study the location in the dental plaque and calculus of certain enzyme activities and to compare the patterns obtained with those of the normal hard tissue formation. Supragingival and subgingival calculus attached to the root surfaces of 30 extracted teeth was studied. The root with its deposits was frozen rapidly in a mixture of hexane and solid CO2 (-75 degrees C). From the frozen block, sections were cut and incubated for histochemical demonstration of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. The plaque seemed to be stratified with regard to enzyme activity. Three different layers could be identified. In the basal layer, approximately 100 microns thick, enzyme activity was low. Lactate dehydrogenase activity could be identified in some sections, but no phosphatase activity. In the middle layer lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities were found in most of the sections. The superficial layer usually showed lactate dehydrogenase but not always acid or alkaline phosphatase activities. The results of the present investigation may suggest that the mineralization of the dental plaque is not only a passive mineralization of dead bacteria, but also an active process promoted by enzymes in the covering bacterial layers.

Acid Phosphatase↗