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Biomedical subjects

J Frim

Publications and source records attributed to J Frim.

31 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Effects of endurance fitness on responses to cold water immersion.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the changes in selected blood hormones and substrates, metabolic rate, and rectal temperature (Tre) in nine males after immersion in 10 degrees C water, while clad in standard flight suits, were related to the level of aerobic fitness. Fitness was evaluated by the blood lactate response to submaximal exercise. Immersion time (IT) was defined as the time required for a 1 degrees C decrease in Tre and averaged 38.5 (range: 21-62) min. Metabolic rate increased 3.4 times the resting rate. Lactate, free fatty acids, triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased by 81%, 38%, 11%, and 8%, respectively, in contrast to insulin which decreased by 32%, with all changes being statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Glucagon increased slightly but not significantly (p = 0.11) while glucose levels did not change. The IT was correlated directly with a measure of aerobic fitness, with relative body fat, and with the T3 levels postimmersion (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that the aerobic fitness level can significantly influence the cooling rate during water immersion.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Interactions of cooling rate, warming rate, glycerol concentration, and dilution procedure on the viability of frozen-thawed human granulocytes.

Difficulties in the successful freezing of human granulocytes could lie at two levels. One is that critical cryobiological variables have not yet been identified, the other is that the inconsistent results may be due to unusual biological aspects of the cell. This paper is concerned with the former. A prerequisite for the successful freezing of mammalian cells is the ability of the cell to tolerate cryoprotective levels of additive. The additive studied here was glycerol. Based on fluorescent staining with fluorescein diacetate, we found that 1 and 2 M concentrations are in fact chemically toxic at 22 degrees C. Superimposed on this toxicity is some osmotic sensitivity to the removal of the additive by other than slow dilution. The dilution procedure was selected on the basis of computer modeling of the osmotic response of the cells. The model requires a value for the permeability coefficient for glycerol. The value (4 X 10(-5) cm/min) was obtained by measuring the rate of increase of the volume of cells in hyperosmotic glycerol. The response of human granulocytes to freezing to -196 degrees C and thawing in 1 or 2 M glycerol was not unusual. The optimum cooling rate was 1-3 degrees C/min, and cooling at 10 degrees C/min or faster was especially deleterious if warming was slow (1 degree C/min) rather than rapid (188 degrees C/min). The FDA assay showed that some 75% of the cells survived freezing and thawing at optimum rates in 1 or 2 M glycerol; and some 50-60% remained viable after the glycerol had been removed, provided that the cells remained at 0 degrees C. However, granulocytes normally function at 37 degrees C. Because chemotaxis is considered a good assay of normal function, we developed a modified procedure capable of discriminating among random migration, enhanced random migration (chemokinesis), and directed cell migration (true chemotaxis). When frozen-thawed-diluted cells were incubated for 60 min at 37 degrees C, their survival, based both on the FDA assay and on the chemotaxis assay, was zero. In fact, a prior exposure of the cells to 2 M glycerol at 0 degrees C, even in the absence of freezing, resulted in a rapid loss in FDA viability when the cells were subsequently held at 37 degrees C for up to 60 min. Survivals based on FDA are usually reported to be considerably higher than survivals based on functional assays such as chemotaxis or phagocytosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1983

Effect of cold exposure on various sites of core temperature measurements.

Rectal, esophageal, auditory canal, gastrointestinal tract, and sublingual temperature were recorded on five young Caucasian males who, in an environment of -32 degrees C and 11-km/h wind, sat during one 90-min exposure and walked on a treadmill at 2.9 km/h during another. The clothing permitted cooling of their torsos while giving adequate protection to their extremities. Control exposures involved subjects sitting in still air at 24-26 degrees C dressed only in thermal underwear. In the control environment all of the internal body temperatures measured gave comparable and consistent values; however, cold exposure affected the various sites differently. Esophageal temperatures fluctuated rapidly as a result of subjects swallowing cold saliva. Sublingual temperatures were below the lower limit of a clinical thermometer, possibly because of facial cooling. Auditory canal temperatures were low, perhaps also because of facial cooling. Rectal temperatures were high as were the gastrointestinal tract temperatures, due perhaps to local heat production in response to cold stimulation. Metabolic rate increased initially in the cold and again toward the end of the cold exposure.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1976

Survival of unprotected, mammalian plateau-phase cells following freezing in liquid nitrogen.

Unprotected, mammalian cells in plateau phase are at least a factor of four times more sensitive to freeze-thaw damage than exponential-phase cells. The former suffer about 15-20% more sublethal damage after one freeze-thaw cycle than the latter and repair this damage more slowly. Exposure of plateau-phase cells to freeze-thaw damage lengthens the time required to traverse the cell cycle in the exposed generation. These cells may more closely represent the state in tissues than exponential-phase populations.

Animals↗