Children with developmental dyslexia are known to have problems with phonological awareness and, in particular, with phonological decoding. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between orthographic and phonological decoding strategies used by a group of children with developmental dyslexia and two groups of children who were average readers (matched on reading age and chronological age, respectively). The three groups of children, 12 in each, were presented with single words, either visually or orally. The children were asked to pronounce these words using either an orthographic (spelling) strategy following mental deletion of one letter, or a phonological (sounding) strategy following mental deletion of one sound. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the reading age control group were more accurate when using phonological strategies than when using orthographic strategies, whereas the chronological age control group generally showed superior orthographic and phonological processing abilities compared with both the developmental dyslexia and reading age control groups. Compared with both chronological and reading age control groups, children in the developmental dyslexia group had more difficulty when using a phonological strategy, particularly when words were presented auditorily. However, compared with their performance on phonological tasks, the developmental dyslexia group performed at a level commensurate with their age when carrying out the orthographic tasks.

Child↗

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Early loss of neurons and axon terminals in scrapie-affected mice revealed by morphometry and immunocytochemistry.

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Animals↗

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The control and predictability of a cryolesion.

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Animals↗

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Limiting the spread of HIV/AIDS in Sierra Leone: opportunities for intervention.

The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS is at catastrophic levels in sub-Saharan Africa, while the need for research and treatment initiatives throughout the developing world remains critical. The West African country of Sierra Leone is representative of both of these facts. The purposes of this study were to assess the HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of adult Sierra Leoneans to determine what type of HIV prevention efforts are needed in this population and to determine how such efforts could be developed and implemented. Interviews with 487 adults residing in the capital city of Freetown, Sierra Leone, and in the Northern Province of that country revealed HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors that reflect the impact of culture and tradition on the spread of HIV/AIDS. The challenges for HIV prevention raised through this study indicate the need to examine in greater depth the culturally specific use of traditional healers and traditional theater as channels of information that could serve to make HIV prevention initiatives more effective in Sierra Leone.

Adult↗

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Delivery and evaluation of forensic science.

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Journal Article↗

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"Third generation" cryotherapy.

The next generation of cryosurgical appliances must provide us with means for speedy, exact, and sure tissue destruction. For this we need redesigned, forklike probes, programmers to direct the cryosurgical appliances, and caloric "dosimeters." Thermocouples, which direct feedback controls and which at the moment are built into the tip of the freezing probes, should instead be inserted into target tissue.

Air↗

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Changes in severity of myocardial infarction and three year survival rates after myocardial infarction in Auckland, 1966-7 and 1981-2.

Mortality from coronary heart disease has been declining steadily over the past 20 years in Auckland. The possibility that improved survival contributed to this decline was examined in patients who survived four weeks after myocardial infarction, changes in the severity of the disease being controlled for. Patients who had had myocardial infarction in 1966-7 (191 patients) or 1981-2 (203) were compared to determine whether three year survival rates had changed and the severity of the disease altered. With a coronary prognostic index taken as the measure of severity the 1981-2 group had significantly more severe myocardial infarctions than the 1966-7 group, but despite this the three year survival was significantly better (86% in the 1981-2 group v 75% in the 1966-7 group). These findings suggest that improved survival after myocardial infarction contributed to the decline in mortality.

Cardiomegaly↗

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A modified Bankart procedure for recurrent anterior/inferior shoulder instability. A preliminary report.

A modified Bankart procedure has been developed using a single interosseous extraarticular suture to correct the Bankart lesion and a longitudinal capsular incision to prevent capsular shortening and allow for performance of an anterior capsular shift. Its purpose is to allow full functional return in the active athletic population while controlling anterior/inferior instability. Followup of the first 30 patients on whom we used the procedure shows excellent postoperative range of motion (average loss: 2 degrees of flexion, 1 degree of abduction, 4 degrees of external rotation in adduction, and 7 degrees of external rotation in abduction) and return to sports (90%, of which 70% returned to their previous level). There is, however, an unacceptably high recurrence rate of 13%, all of which occurred early in the series. Technical refinement and experience have apparently reduced the recurrence rate without sacrifice of range of motion or functional ability.

Adolescent↗

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Long-term ventilator-dependent children: a vocal profile analysis.

PURPOSE: Ventilator dependent children need to be able to communicate effectively to be able to re-integrate into society. This study was performed to see if the Vocal Profile Analysis can be used to assess the voice quality produced by speaking aids in ventilated children, and therefore help to direct speech therapy input. METHODS: This study attempted to evaluate vocal function using a perceptual rating scale in four ventilator-dependent children fitted with the Passy-Muir Tracheostomy Speaking Valve. The children were at different stages of speech development and had either intact or abnormal cognitive function. The evaluation was performed independently by three trained speech therapists blinded to the child's underlying diagnosis. RESULTS: Although speaking aids enhanced verbal communication skills, most of the subjects still displayed marked abnormalities of speech. There was significantly greater agreement among the trained observers when assessing children who were cognitively intact at the time of the study. The older child with intact cognitive function achieved near normal speech potential with the speaking valve. CONCLUSIONS: The Vocal Profile Analysis is a useful tool for assessing vocal characteristics in ventilated children with intact cognitive function. Near normal speech can be attained with speaking aids, provided a certain stage of speech development has already been attained.

Child, Preschool↗

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