Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J F Donnermeyer

Publications and source records attributed to J F Donnermeyer.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Cumulative effects of prevention education on substance use among 11th grade students in Ohio.

This article examines participation in school-based prevention activities from a statewide sample of 11th grade students in Ohio. About 42% of subjects indicated they had never been involved in a prevention education activity. Differences existed in mean number of activities by both gender and White/nonWhite status. Popular prevention education activities included participation in D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) at elementary, junior high, and senior high levels, "Just Say No Clubs"; Quest; and Red Ribbon Week. Only a small proportion of youth participated exclusively in any one of these activities. An association existed between student participation in prevention education and level of drug involvement. Students in each activity had lower mean scores for drug involvement when compared to students who had never participated in a prevention education activity. Also, the lowest mean scores occurred among students who had participated in multiple prevention activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Primary socialization theory: the etiology of drug use and deviance. I.

The fundamental theorem of primary socialization theory is that normative and deviant behaviors are learned social behaviors, products of the interaction of social, psychological, and cultural characteristics, and that norms for social behaviors, including drug use, are learned predominantly in the context of interactions with the primary socialization sources. During adolescence, learning of social behaviors is frequently dominated by interactions with peer clusters. There are a number of additional postulates: 1) The strength of the bonds between the youth and the primary socialization sources is a major factor in determining how effectively norms are transmitted. 2) Any socialization link can transmit deviant norms, but healthy family and school systems are more likely to transmit prosocial norms. 3) Peer clusters can transmit either prosocial or deviant norms, but the major source of deviant norms is usually peer clusters. 4) Weak family/child and/ or school/child bonds increase the chances that the youth will bond with a deviant peer cluster and will engage in deviant behaviors. 5) Weak peer bonds can also ultimately increase the changes of bonding with deviant peers. Primary socialization theory is consistent with current research, has strong implications for improving prevention and treatment, and suggests specific hypotheses for further research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Primary socialization theory. The influence of the community on drug use and deviance. III.

Primary socialization theory states that drug use and deviance are social behaviors learned predominantly through three sources, the family, the school, and peer clusters. This paper shows that the theory provides a parsimonious explanation of how characteristics of both the local community and the larger extended community influence drug use and deviance. These characteristics affect deviance because they either strengthen or weaken bonding with the three primary socialization sources, or affect the norms that are transmitted through the primary socialization process. The paper considers the following social structure characteristics of the local neighborhood or community: physical characteristics, rurality, ethnicity, heterogeneity, occupational type, mobility, poverty, neighborhood deviance, and age distribution. It also examines how other secondary socialization sources, the extended family, associational groups, religion, the peer environment, and the media influence the primary socialization process and, in turn, drug use and deviance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Primary socialization theory. The role played by personal traits in the etiology of drug use and deviance. II.

Primary socialization theory proposes that drug use and deviant behaviors emerge from interactions with the primary socialization sources--the family, the school, and peer clusters. The theory further postulates that the individual's personal characteristics and personality traits do not directly relate to drug use and deviance, but, in nearly all cases, influence those outcomes only when they affect the interactions between the individual and the primary socialization sources. Interpretation of research results from the point of view of primary socialization theory suggests the following: 1) Characteristics such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are related to drug use and deviance only when they have strong effects on the primary socialization process, i.e., among younger children; 2) Traits such as anger, aggression, and sensation seeking are related to drug use and deviance because these traits are more likely to influence the primary socialization process at all ages; 3) The psychopathologies that are least likely to interfere with bonding with prosocial socialization sources, the anxieties and most of the affective disorders, are less likely to have comorbidity drug dependence; and 4) Psychopathologies such as oppositional disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit disorder, and antisocial personality are more likely to interfere with primary socialization, and the literature shows that these syndromes are also most likely to have a dual diagnosis with drug dependency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Primary socialization theory: culture, ethnicity, and cultural identification. The links between culture and substance use. IV.

Ethnicity, perceived membership in a cultural group, and cultural identification, the strength of one's affiliation with a group, develop primarily through interactions with the primary socialization sources, the family, the school, and peer clusters. Cultural norms for substance use are also transmitted as part of these interactions. Substance use differs across cultures; in different cultures some forms of substance use are culturally required, others are tolerated, and others are sanctioned. Ethnicity and cultural identification, therefore, should relate to substance use. However, primary socialization theory indicates that simple relationships are not likely to be found for a number of reasons: 1) All members of an ethnic group do not have the same level of cultural identification and may not, therefore, have the same conformance to substance use norms. 2) Primary socialization,sources are embedded in subcultures, and subcultures have norms that may differ from those of the larger ethnic group. 3) The individual may experience and report differing levels of cultural identification and different substance use norms in different social contexts. 4) For an individual, ethnicity and cultural identification may derive from different primary socialization sources than drug use norms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Patterns of drug use among nonmetropolitan and rural adults.

This article examines illegal drug use among adults living in nonmetropolitan and rural areas of the United States using data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Subjects were classified into three categories by residence: nonmetropolitan-urban, metropolitan-rural, and nonmetropolitan-rural. Respondents indicate about 10% of adults were current users of marijuana or other illegal drugs. Discriminant analysis was used to examine differences among groups of individuals classified as current users, past users, and nonusers. For both marijuana and other illegal drugs, the variables that accounted most for group differences were age, marital, status, employment status, occupation, and income. Only minor differences in drug use were exhibited across the three residential categories. It is recommended that future research on the rural and nonmetropolitan adult population incorporate both structural level measures of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of localities, and individual level measures of peer influence, work stress, family factors, and psychosocial characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Educators' perceptions of the D.A.R.E. program.

This study examines the perceptions of educators about the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program, based on the results of a statewide survey among 286 fifth and sixth grade teachers and principals. Educators gave their highest ratings to teacher/officer interaction, the role playing exercises, and the graduation ceremony. Ratings of overall program quality and the impact of the program on students were both high. Block regression analysis was used to examine factors predictive of educators' views of D.A.R.E. D.A.R.E. program elements were the most important factors explaining variance in educators' ratings of over-all program quality and program impact on students. Altogether, 54 percent and 38 percent of the variance in both dependent variables were explained. The results are discussed in terms of the important role teachers and principals play as stakeholders in prevention education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Illegal drug use among rural adults: mental health consequences and treatment utilization.

This study uses the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse to examine mental health consequences and treatment utilization among nonmetropolitan and rural adults. The study employs an ecological system perspective, dividing the study population into three groups: nonmetropolitan-rural, nonmetropolitan-urban, and metropolitan-rural. Logistic regression analysis is used to examine four sets of factors related to self-report of mental health problems among drug-using adults, including community level features, family characteristics, personal characteristics, and stress factors. Perceived ease of purchasing cocaine, number of moves in last five years, employment in blue-collar occupations, number of jobs in last five years, and residence in neighborhoods with a low rate (< 10%) of minority households were significantly related to self-report problems. Results of the analysis are discussed in terms of barriers to utilization of treatment and rehabilitation services among nonmetropolitan and rural adults, such as availability and access to facilities and professional services, social stigma, ability to afford services, and the difficulty for rural communities to support inhospital and outpatient services.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Alcohol use among rural adolescents: predictive and situational factors.

The purpose of this article is to test the effects of predictive and situational factors on alcohol use among a sample of rural youth. Five predictive factors accounted for 57% of the variance in frequency of alcohol use among the total sample, based on stepwise regression analysis. The predictive factors also accounted for 38% of the variance in frequency of drinking when the regression analysis was restricted only to those who drink. Controlling for these and entering situational factors into the regression analysis accounted for an additional 16% of the variance. Six situational factors were statistically significant, five of which concerned various locations for drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Rural youth usage of alcohol, marijuana, and "hard" drugs.

Based on developmental theory, this article tests the relationships between first and current use of alcohol, marijuana and "hard" drugs among a sample of 197 rural and small-town youth. Findings indicate that age of first use of alcohol predicts current use of alcohol. The same pattern occurs for marijuana and hard drugs. Age of first use of alcohol is also related to first use of marijuana, which in turn is related to first use of hard drugs. The order is reversed for current use. Current use of hard drugs predicts current use of marijuana, which in turn predicts current use of alcohol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Age and alcohol, marijuana and hard drug use.

Developmental theories of adolescent alcohol, marijuana and hard drug use have emphasized the factor of age as an explanatory variable. However, studies have not attempted to examine the manner in which age interacts with other explanatory variables to predict usage. This article examines the interactive nature of age in predicting alcohol, marijuana and drug use based on a sample of 435 students from schools in a north-central county of Illinois. The results indicated statistically significant interaction terms for age with peer and social control factors for each type of usage. These findings suggest that many factors commonly associated with adolescent usage may be conditioned by age. The article also recommends that additional research examine the interactive nature of age, as well as other factors, when testing theories of alcohol, marijuana and drug use among adolescents.

Adolescent↗