The X-ray anatomy and ultrasound appearance of the normal elbow joint are described. The ultrasound testing procedure for visualizing the soft tissue layer and the intra-articular inflammatory substrate is presented. The general X-ray signs of arthritis in the elbow joint are presented, and then the radiological particularities and characteristics of the various forms of arthritis are discussed with reference to their different etiologies.

Arthritis, Gouty↗

PubMed1990

The effects of applicant's health status and qualifications on simulated hiring decisions.

The effects of having diabetes or obesity on simulated job decisions was evaluated in a two (qualifications, high v. marginal) by three (diabetes, mildly obese, or normal) design. Subjects were 295 adults, averaging 5.02 years of full-time employment in white-collar settings, recruited in advanced level graduate or undergraduate business classes. Each subject examined a job description and a resume of the 'applicant' and viewed a 5-minute videotape. The applicant's face was never seen and an off-camera voice, constant across all conditions, was dubbed in for the applicant's responses to the interviewer's questions. Subjects were then asked to rate the applicant's qualification level and demeanor during the interview and to recommend whether or not to hire the individual. Subjects were also asked to make ratings about the applicant's work habits, work reliability and absenteeism, and interpersonal skills (e.g. emotional problems, likeability). Results indicated that level of quantification affected decisions to hire the applicant in the predicted direction. However, the obese applicant was rated as less qualified for the job, and both the diabetic and obese applicant were less likely to be hired, although they were rated similarly on personal appearance, attitude during the interview, and communication skills. Additionally, both the obese and the diabetic applicant were viewed as having poorer work habits. The diabetic was rated as much more likely to have medically-related job absences, whereas the obese applicant was rated as more likely to have other absences (e.g. abusing company privileges by feigning illness) and to have emotional and interpersonal problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Local muscular strain dependent on the direction of horizontal arm movements.

Manual material handling still plays an important role in assembly work as well as in the service industry. By means of an ergonomic layout of working places, the effects of disadvantageous working conditions, especially static load resulting from unfavourable postures of the body as well as unnecessary physiological cost arising from body movements may be avoided. In this context knowledge about the optimum directions of horizontal arm movements is fundamental. Therefore by means of advanced methods of multi-channel electromyography (EMG) and applying computer assisted evaluation methods, physiological responses to one-handed horizontal material handling in a sitting position were recorded. In order to obtain myoelectric signals from the most important task-relevant muscles out of more than 40 muscle groups of the hand-arm-shoulder-system, preceding research was done also aiming at standardized lead positions for surface EMG. Groups of five young females each participated in a series of successive experiments, in which the direction of movements of the left arm was varied. The subjects worked without and with an external load imposed by weights of 0, 1, 2 and 4 kg. The movements between 20 degrees and 230 degrees--measured from the frontal plane of the subjects--included working from ahead and from behind. The lifting distance was 38 cm starting from different outward points within the reach to a fixed point near the body. Also in one test series the handling frequency was varied between 12, 24 and 48 lifts per minute. Assessment of the physiological cost by electromyographic activities (EA), especially the determination of the most stressful and least expensive directions of repetitive horizontal movements, was more effective when differentiating static and dynamic portions of muscular strain than common means of EA.

Adult↗