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Biomedical subjects

J Edwards

Publications and source records attributed to J Edwards.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Implementing nutrition into the medical curriculum: a user's guide.

The medical profession is facing the challenges of the 1990s with a shift to outpatient care and preventive services. Medical schools will need to respond to these forces by reevaluating their curricula and setting new objectives. Nutrition is an essential element in the process of curriculum change. The nutrition educator will be expected to take a leading role in integrating nutrition into the medical school curriculum. This report presents steps and strategies to initiate the process.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1990

Diagnosing personality disorders in recent-onset schizophrenia.

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) and personality disorder traits in 40 recent-onset schizophrenic patients, to establish the degree of concordance between the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders (SIDP) and the Million Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (MCMI-I), and to examine the interrater reliabilities for the diagnosis of SIDP disorders and traits. During their recovery phase, patients underwent the SIDP and completed the MCMI-I, a self-report inventory. Results showed that 57% of all patients had PDs according to the SIDP. The most common PDs were antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal, whereas the most common according to the MCMI-I were dependent, narcissistic, and avoidant. Both instruments indicated that multiple PD diagnoses were common. Paranoid and schizotypal traits were found to be ubiquitous across instruments. The level of agreements between the two instruments was poor on diagnostic assignment but better when trait scores were considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Personality disorder assessment for psychiatric inpatients.

The standardised criteria for DSM-III personality disorders encouraged the development of numerous multidimensional instruments to make the diagnosis of such disorders more objective and reliable compared with clinical judgement. Yet, there is no published research on the concordance between these instruments when used with psychiatric inpatients. Two such measures, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality (SIDP), were chosen for this study. The MCMI identified a significantly greater number of personality disorders than the SIDP for each subject. Despite overall high interrater reliability with the SIDP, low agreement was found between the two instruments for most of the 11 DSM-III Axis II (personality disorders) categories. Different normative populations on which the instruments were developed, method variance, and theoretical differences between Millon and DSM-III, were all likely to contribute to the low concordance. Systematic research of possible confounding factors is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Lasers in gynecology.

Advances made in the field of gynecology through the use of laser technology have provided numerous benefits to women. Procedures requiring hospitalization can now be performed on an outpatient basis. New hope for couples experiencing infertility problems is now available through the development of new laser techniques. Ongoing research into cancer treatment, tissue welding, advances in delivery devices, and lasers will continue to revolutionize gynecologic laser applications.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Preoperative chemotherapy is beneficial for geriatric patients with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer.

The relationship between aging and drug toxicity has been documented. We reviewed patients with Stage IIIB and Stage IV breast cancer with the primary tumor intact at presentation to compare the toxicity secondary to chemotherapy, the disease-free survival, and the survival in both young and elderly women. Fifty-three patients were studied. All received preoperative chemotherapy and mastectomy as part of treatment for breast cancer. Sixty years was used arbitrarily to divide the patients into two groups. Data were analyzed by unpaired T-test. Hematologic, nutritional, infectious, and cardiac toxicities were noted and compared between groups. Disease-free survival was studied in patients with Stage IIIB disease. Survival was examined in patients with Stage IIIB and Stage IV disease. We could not detect any statistically significant differences between young and elderly patients in any of these groups. The elderly patients in this study seemed to derive as much benefit from chemotherapy as did younger patients.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Pathogenesis of antigen-induced arthritis in mice deficient in neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G.

The contribution of neutrophil-derived elastase and cathepsin G to joint pathology has been examined in immune arthritis in the mouse. Neutrophils from beige mice are genetically deficient in lysosomal elastase and cathepsin G, but have normal levels of the acid hydrolases, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. The development of antigen-induced arthritis in normal mice has been compared with that in beige mice. The pattern of synovitis (both leukocyte accumulation and plasma leakage) were indistinguishable in normal and beige mice. Cartilage proteoglycan depletion was quantified by measuring the decrease in safranin O staining intensity, and this, too, was unaltered in mice lacking elastase and cathepsin G. These results suggest that neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G do not contribute to these aspects of joint pathology in antigen-induced arthritis in the mouse.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Secondary acute myelocytic leukemia after adjuvant therapy for early-stage breast carcinoma. A new complication of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil therapy.

The occurrence of treatment-related hematologic malignancies after adjuvant therapy with alkylating agents for gastrointestinal cancers, ovarian carcinoma, and breast cancer and after treatment for Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, germ-cell tumors, and multiple myeloma has been well documented. Adjuvant chemotherapy is frequently used for the treatment of early stage breast cancer, and to date there has been no increase in the incidence of secondary myelodysplastic syndromes or acute leukemia after cyclophosphamide-based regimens when compared with surgical controls. This report describes two patients who developed acute myelocytic leukemia only after exposure to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil adjuvant therapy. These two cases of acute leukemia, which developed 3 years after diagnosis of breast cancer and initiation of chemotherapy, were characterized by trilineage dysplasia and pancytopenia, and had abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and 7: characteristics consistent with treatment-related leukemia. Many women are diagnosed with early stage breast cancer each year who are potential candidates for adjuvant therapy. Although certain subgroups of patients have been shown to benefit from adjuvant therapy, continued efforts must be directed at identifying responders so that others will not be exposed to the additional risks of chemotherapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Influence of body habitus and race on bone mineral density of the midradius, hip, and spine in aging women.

Osteoporosis and fractures of the hip are less common in black women and in obese white women than in nonobese white women. To determine the effects of race, age, and body weight on bone mineral density (BMD), BMD of the lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck were determined by dual-photon absorptiometry in 131 nonobese white women and 34 nonobese black women, all of whom were within 30% of their ideal body weight, and in 24 obese white women and 27 obese black women, all of whom weighed more than 30% of their ideal body weight and were in the same age range as the nonobese women. All of them were 51 years of age or older, and most of them were postmenopausal. BMD of the midradius was measured by single-photon absorptiometry. Whereas body weight was significantly higher in the black as compared to the white women, the ages of the two groups were not different from each other. BMD declined with age and increased with body weight in both the black and white women at each of the four sites measured. After adjusting for age and weight by covariate analyses, black women had greater BMDs than white women at the midradius, lumbar spine, and femoral neck (p less than 0.001), but not at the trochanter (p = 0.18). The increases in BMD observed in the obese and black women in the present study are consistent with the previous findings that osteoporosis and fractures of the hip are less common in black and in obese white women than in nonobese white women.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Amplification of the isopenicillin N synthetase gene in a strain of Penicillium chrysogenum producing high levels of penicillin.

The isopenicillin N synthetase (IPNS) gene has been isolated from wild-type Penicillium chrysogenum and used as a probe to detect the equivalent gene on Southern blots of genomic DNA from a mutant producing high levels of penicillin. The IPNS gene in this strain is contained within a region of DNA of wild-type restriction pattern that extends for at least 39 kb and is present at between 8 and 16 copies. The steady state level of IPNS mRNA in the mutant producing high levels of penicillin is between 32- and 64-fold of that of the wild type, suggesting that the rate of transcription of some or all of the copies has been increased. In addition we have also shown that both the IPNS mRNA and enzyme is present throughout the growth phase in both strains under the culture conditions used. IPNS enzyme activity is greatly increased in the strain with the high penicillin titre.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1989

The effects of muscle-building exercise on bone mineral density of the radius, spine, and hip in young men.

We previously demonstrated that muscle-building exercise is associated with increases in serum Gla-protein, serum 1,25(OH)2D, and urinary cyclic AMP. These studies were interpreted to mean that this form of exercise increases bone formation and modifies the vitamin D-endocrine system to provide more calcium for bone. The present investigation was carried out in normal young adult white men to determine the effects of exercise on bone mineral density at weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing sites. Twelve men who had regularly engaged in muscle-building exercises (use of weights, exercise machines, or both) for at least 1 year and 50 age-matched controls (aged 19-40 years) were studied. The body weights of the two groups were not different from each other (78 +/- 2 vs. 74 +/- 1 kg, NS). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck was measured by dual-photon absorptiometry, and BMD of the midradius was measured by single photon absorptiometry. It was found that muscle-building exercise was associated with increased BMD at the lumbar spine (1.35 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.22 +/- 0.02 g/cm2, P less than 0.01), trochanter (0.99 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.02 g/cm2, P less than 0.01), and femoral neck (1.18 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.02 g/cm2, P less than 0.001) but not at the midradius (0.77 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.77 +/- 0.01 g/cm2, NS). These studies provide additional evidence that muscle-building exercise is associated with increases in BMD at weight-bearing sites but not at nonweight-bearing sites.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Androgen control of autoimmune expression in lacrimal glands of MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice.

The purpose of the present study was to determine, by utilizing an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome, whether androgen therapy might ameliorate autoimmune sequelae in the lacrimal gland. Age-matched female MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice were administered subcutaneous implants of placebo- or testosterone-containing pellets after the onset of disease. Lacrimal glands and, for comparison, submandibular glands were collected from sacrificed mice immediately prior to androgen administration and following 17 and 34 days of maintained hormone exposure. Tissues were processed for light microscopy and examined with a computer-assisted image analysis system. Results demonstrated that testosterone exposure dramatically reduced lymphocyte infiltration in lacrimal tissue: following 34 days of treatment, the percentage infiltrate had undergone a 12-fold decrease. This hormone action, which was time dependent, involved significant abrogations in both infiltrate size and number. Testosterone administration also induced a significant 2- to 3-fold rise in lacrimal gland weight and acinar area and a 2-fold reduction in acinar density/field, compared to values in placebo-treated controls. In addition, androgen administration significantly decreased the magnitude of lymphocyte infiltration in submandibular glands. Overall, our findings demonstrate that androgen therapy may reverse autoimmune sequelae in lacrimal, as well as submandibular, glands in a mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. A collaborative interinstitutional study.

A retrospective study (1983-1984) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) examinations in 471 patients with known pathology in the brain and craniocervical junction was conducted in order to determine the relative efficacy of MRI versus CT. All MRI examinations involved slice thickness greater than 10 mm, and only single-slice single-echo or multislice single-echo imaging techniques were available. These studies were evaluated independently by two neuroradiologists from a panel of six for anatomic abnormalities, lesion contrast, and radiologist's impression. Results, which excluded microadenomas of the pituitary and approximately 9% of studies in which consensus was not achieved by the readers, were as follows: (1) 14% of the studies were positive on MRI but normal on CT; (2) in 55% of the studies, MRI was better than CT; (3) MRI was equal or better than CT in 95% of the studies; and (4) CT was better than MRI in 5% (21/421) of the examinations. There were no patients in this series where CT was positive but MRI missed the abnormality.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Assessment of growth: is one international growth reference sufficient?

There is no definitive conclusion concerning the long-debated issue of whether one international growth reference is sufficient for assessing the growth of all children regardless of racial background. Although nurses and health professionals in North America primarily use the National Health Centre for Health Statistics growth reference data to identify atypical growth, recognizing potential abnormalities in non-Caucasians remains difficult. After exploring the issues surrounding this question, the authors concluded that an international growth reference is required to provide a common point of comparison of growth for the population groups from different countries. Arguments can be made for developing reference standards for particular racial groups, although several difficulties and limitations preclude this.

Body Height↗
PubMed1989

Viral DNA in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus.

The amount and distribution of viral DNA were established in a horse acutely infected with the Wyoming strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The highest concentration of viral DNA were found in the liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen. The kidney, choroid plexus, and peripheral blood leukocytes also contained viral DNA, but at a lower level. It is estimated that at day 16 postinoculation, almost all of the viral DNA was located in the tissues, with the liver alone containing about 90 times more EIAV DNA than the peripheral blood leukocytes did. Assuming a monocyte-macrophage target, each infected cell contained multiple copies of viral DNA (between 6 and 60 copies in liver Kupffer cells). At day 16 postinoculation, most of the EIAV DNA was not integrated into host DNA, but existed in both linear and circular unintegrated forms. In contrast to acute infection, viral DNA was not detectable in tissues from asymptomatic horses with circulating antibody to EIAV.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Energy expenditure during carbohydrate overfeeding in obese and nonobese adolescents.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) were measured in six nonobese and seven obese adolescents during periods of weight maintenance and 2 wk of carbohydrate overfeeding. BMR and TEF were measured by indirect calorimetry and TDEE by the doubly labeled water method. Fasting blood levels of insulin, thyroid, and norepinephrine (NE) and urinary excretion of NE and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA) were measured before and after overfeeding. Energy intake was 1.61 X BMR during maintenance and 2.45 X BMR during overfeeding. BMR increased comparably in both groups during overfeeding (obese, 7.9 +/- 1.2%, nonobese, 8.6 +/- 1.9%). TEF was similar and did not change significantly during overfeeding (maintenance: obese, 9.4 +/- 0.6%; nonobese, 9.8 +/- 0.4% vs. overfeeding: obese, 8.6 +/- 0.3%; nonobese, 9.2 +/- 0.7%). TDEE did not differ significantly between obese and nonobese. Increases in insulin and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine levels were significant but did not differ between the two groups. Plasma NE and urinary excretion of VMA and NE did not increase during overfeeding. The thermogenic response to food or to overfeeding does not appear reduced in obese adolescents, nor does facultative thermogenesis appear to be a significant factor in weight maintenance in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Peripheral effects of endurance training in young and old subjects.

The effects of 12 wk of endurance training at 70% peak O2 consumption (VO2) were studied in 10 elderly (65.1 +/- 2.9 yr) and 10 young (23.6 +/- 1.8 yr) healthy men and women. Training had no effect on weight or body composition in either group. The elderly had more adipose tissue and less muscle mass than the young. Initial peak VO2 was lower in the elderly, but the absolute increase of 5.5-6.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 after training was similar for both groups. Muscle biopsies taken at rest showed that, before training, muscle glycogen stores were 61% higher in the young. Before training, glycogen utilization per joule during submaximal exercise was higher in the elderly. Glycogen stores and muscle O2 consumption increased significantly in response to training in the elderly only. After training, the proportion of energy derived from whole body carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise declined in the young only. The absolute changes that training produced in peak VO2 were similar in both age groups, but the 128% increase in muscle oxidative capacity was greater in the elderly, suggesting that peripheral factors play an important role in the response of the elderly to endurance exercise.

Adult↗