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Biomedical subjects

J E SMADEL

Publications and source records attributed to J E SMADEL.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1964

RESPONSE OF VOLTA CHILDREN TO LIVE ATTENUATED MEASLES VIRUS VACCINE.

Experience so far with the Enders B-level Edmonston strain of live attenuated measles vaccine has been principally with children in the USA in whom natural measles carries a low mortality. Measles is associated with an appreciably higher mortality rate in developing countries; in Upper Volta, climate, nutritional status, degree of parasitic infestation and concurrent infections may contribute to this. The present report summarizes a pilot study in Ouagadougou, Upper Volta, designed to obtain information on the response of Volta children to Enders vaccine and to determine the feasibility of using this vaccine on a large scale.The observations indicate that Volta children, despite the hazards of natural measles, respond in essentially the same manner to live vaccine given alone or with gamma-globulin as do children in other areas. The febrile reactions which characterize infection with the attenuated measles virus were of insufficient importance to warrant the concurrent use of gamma-globulin in a forthcoming mass measles vaccination campaign in Upper Volta.

Africa↗
PubMed1964

RESPONSE OF VOLTA CHILDREN TO JET INOCULATION OF COMBINED LIVE MEASLES, SMALLPOX AND YELLOW FEVER VACCINES.

An earlier study established that Upper Volta children respond to vaccination with the Enders live attenuated measles strain in the same general fashion as do children in the USA. The present report describes a second pilot project carried out in Ouagadougou, Upper Volta. During this investigation various mixtures of live measles, smallpox and 17D yellow fever vaccines were introduced into susceptible infants by jet injection. Combining the attenuated virus vaccines did not alter or accentuate the characteristic clinical reactions elicited by the individual components, nor was there evidence of significant immunological interference. From this experience it is concluded that combined vaccination with these agents may be safely and effectively employed in larger programmes as the need dictates.

Africa↗
PubMed1963

Intracellular infection and the carrier state.

The evidence summarized in this article is sufficient to support conclusions as follows. 1) Antibiotics penetrate rapidly into mammalian cells and inhibit multiplication of susceptible microbes within the cell as promptly and effectively as they inhibit multiplication of such microbes outside the cell. This is consistent with clinical experience. 2) Death of individual organisms inside mammalian cells bathed in medium containing antibiotics continues over several weeks but may not proceed pari passu with time. This observation supports the as yet meager clinical data, which suggest that eradication of the typhoid carrier state may be accomplished through antibiotic therapy, provided (i) the proper antibiotic is selected; (ii) it is administered in amounts sufficient to obtain continuous suppression of growth of intracellular organisms; and (iii) the regimen is maintained for 2 or 3 weeks. 3) The actual cause of death and destruction of intracellular microbes in treated cells remains an enigma. To attribute this to inanition or senescence of the organisms, without describing mechanisms, is to avoid the issue. The hypotheses dealing with inactivation of intracellular microbes by intracellular antimicrobial substances and antibodies deserve to be explored. 4) Evidence from the ward and laboratory suggests that infected cells can clear themselves of invading pathogens and recover. Although antibiotics have played the major role in demonstrating this in the laboratory, it is possible that they do nothing more than hold the intruders in abeyance while natural defense mechanisms of the cell gain the upper hand. Certainly such cellular mechanisms must provide a potent force for survival; otherwise, why would 98 percent of typhoid patients fail to become chronic carriers? 5) The continued study of infections, including the carrier state, with a view to understanding the abnormalities created by the multiplying intracellular microbe and the means by which the cell corrects these and eliminates the intruder, should open new vistas in chemotherapy and immunology.

Animals↗