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Biomedical subjects

J E Rose

Publications and source records attributed to J E Rose.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Low-nicotine regenerated smoke aerosol reduces desire for cigarettes.

We have developed a method of producing an aerosol with many of the sensory qualities of cigarette smoke, but with only 3% of the tar and nicotine and none of the carbon monoxide of a typical commercial cigarette. The aerosol was generated from a suspension of 1% cigarette smoke condensate in 10% ethanol. The aerosol, generated with an ultrasonic nebulizer, resembled smoke visually but had a larger particle size than cigarette smoke (3.5 microns vs. 0.5 micron mass median diameter). Twelve smokers rated blocks of 10 puffs of aerosolized smoke solution, a popular commercial cigarette, and an unlit cigarette (control). The blocks of puffs were evaluated for sensory qualities and smoking satisfaction obtained. The rated strength of the smoke aerosol was comparable to that of the commercial cigarette. The aerosol was rated significantly more desirable and more satisfying than the control, though not as desirable as the commercial cigarette. Surprisingly, the smoke aerosol reduced self-reported desire for cigarettes as much as the commercial cigarette. This new method is a promising approach for evaluating the role of sensory cues in smoking, and it may also be useful as a clinical tool for smoking cessation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Transdermal nicotine facilitates smoking cessation.

The efficacy of a transdermal nicotine patch in facilitation of smoking cessation was evaluated in a randomized double-blind trial. Sixty-five smokers who were highly dependent on cigarettes participated in the study, which included a behavioral smoking-cessation program. The rates of continuous abstinence were significantly higher in the nicotine group both initially (55% versus 34%) and at 3 weeks (18% versus 6%). Certain smoking withdrawal symptoms, including negative affect and hypoarousal, were effectively relieved by the nicotine patch. There was a trend toward a reduction in cigarette craving, whereas hunger and habit withdrawal symptoms were not affected. The main side effect associated with the nicotine patch was skin irritation. These findings suggest that a nicotine skin patch may be a useful aid to smoking cessation; however, the combination of other techniques with nicotine replacement may provide a more effective treatment for symptoms such as craving for cigarettes.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1989

Mecamylamine increases nicotine preference and attenuates nicotine discrimination.

Eight subjects evaluated various qualities of cigarette smoke after being given a range of doses (0, 2.5, 10 and 20 mg) of the nicotinic receptor blocker mecamylamine. In one test condition, subjects were given either high or low nicotine tobacco smoke to determine the effects of mecamylamine on their subjective responses. In another test condition, subjects were allowed to adjust the nicotine dose level of the smoke to determine the effects of mecamylamine on dose preference. When the subjects evaluated puffs of smoke with high and low nicotine content, mecamylamine caused a dose-related decrease in the self-rated strength and harshness of the high nicotine dose level smoke. In contrast, there was little effect on the low dose smoke. At the highest mecamylamine dose (20 mg) there was no significant difference in the ratings of high and low nicotine cigarettes. Low doses of mecamylamine decreased the reported desire for a cigarette, and also attenuated the reduction in desire for a cigarette caused by smoking. When the subjects were allowed to select their preferred level of nicotine intake using a smoke mixing device, the 10 and 20 mg doses of mecamylamine caused a significant increase in self-administered nicotine dose level. Despite this compensatory increase in nicotine self-administration, the reduction in desire for a cigarette after smoking was still less than after placebo.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Reversal of a mecamylamine-induced cognitive deficit with the D2 agonist, LY 171555.

Pharmacological blockade of either nicotinic or muscarinic cholinergic receptors has been found to impair choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze. Simultaneous blockade of both of these receptor types causes an additive impairment. However, despite these common effects, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors have been found to have differential involvement with dopamine receptors. The cognitive impairment caused by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine is reversed by the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 but is unaffected by the D2 antagonist raclopride. In contrast, the cognitive impairment caused by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine is unaffected by SCH 23390 but is potentiated by raclopride. In the current study, the D2 agonist LY 171555 was found to be effective in reversing the radial-arm maze choice accuracy impairment caused by mecamylamine. In contrast, the D1 agonist SKF 38393 was not found to be effective. Thus, we have found selective dopaminergic D1 and D2 treatments which counteract the adverse cognitive effects of either nicotinic or muscarinic blockade. A combination of these treatments may be useful in treating the cognitive effects of generalized cholinergic underactivation.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1989

Anxiolytic effects of smoking associated with four stressors.

There is a widespread belief that cigarette smoking alleviates stress. The literature reveals conflicting results on the anxiolytic effects of smoking. This study was designed to replicate a report that smoking (a) reduced subjective anxiety induced by stressful anagrams and (b) increased pain threshold for a cold pain task. This study (N = 15) included two other stressors: white noise and an auditory vigilance task. A significant Time x Condition (smoking vs. deprived) interaction was found for Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory scores in the anagram task. A borderline significant interaction effect was found for the cold pain task. No significant effects were found with the two other tasks. These results provide partial support for the popular notion that smoking mitigates stress-induced anxiety. No difference was found between the smoking and deprived conditions for either pain threshold or pain endurance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco.

To compare the pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana and tobacco, we quantified the relative burden to the lung of insoluble particulates (tar) and carbon monoxide from the smoke of similar quantities of marijuana and tobacco. The 15 subjects, all men, had smoked both marijuana and tobacco habitually for at least five years. We measured each subject's blood carboxyhemoglobin level before and after smoking and the amount of tar inhaled and deposited in the respiratory tract from the smoke of single filter-tipped tobacco cigarettes (900 to 1200 mg) and marijuana cigarettes (741 to 985 mg) containing 0.004 percent or 1.24 percent delta 9-tetrahydrocanabinol. As compared with smoking tobacco, smoking marijuana was associated with a nearly fivefold greater increment in the blood carboxyhemoglobin level, an approximately threefold increase in the amount of tar inhaled, and retention in the respiratory tract of one third more inhaled tar (P less than 0.001). Significant differences were also noted in the dynamics of smoking marijuana and tobacco, among them an approximately two-thirds larger puff volume, a one-third greater depth of inhalation, and a fourfold longer breath-holding time with marijuana than with tobacco (P less than 0.01). Smoking dynamics and the delivery of tar during marijuana smoking were only slightly influenced by the percentage of tetrahydrocanabinol. We conclude that smoking marijuana, regardless of tetrahydrocannabinol content, results in a substantially greater respiratory burden of carbon monoxide and tar than smoking a similar quantity of tobacco.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Coexistence of multiple arteriovenous malformations and an anomalous aortic arch.

An unusual case of multiple congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVM) coexistent with an anomalous aortic arch is described. Our patient had been asymptomatic, with physical findings limited to a low grade systolic murmur, until the onset of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Arteriography was technically difficult and failed to demonstrate the origin of his hemorrhage or the configuration of his aortic arch. However, an AVM within the neck muscles was visualized. Magnetic resonance imaging of his chest revealed a right-sided, retroesophageal aortic arch with an anomalous pattern of branching. The intracranial AVM and the course of the great vessels was clearly revealed at autopsy. A possible embryologic mechanism underlying the origin and distribution of the arch vasculature is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The effect of nicotine on the delay of gastric emptying.

The effect of cigarette smoking and its active component, nicotine, on the gastric emptying of solid food was assessed in a randomized double-blind crossover design. Ten regular smokers were studied after a 6 h fast and least 18 h after their last cigarette. Subjects smoked a total of three high (1.91 mg) or low (0.17 mg) nicotine cigarettes, before and after a technetium-labelled solid meal and were scanned by gamma camera periodically over a 2-h period. All calculations of gastric emptying revealed a significant delay after smoking high versus low nicotine cigarettes in: mean per cent isotope remaining in the stomach at each measurement point from 90-120 min; amount of meal remaining in the stomach at 2 h; and mean time at which 50% of the meal had emptied (T1/2). Delay in gastric emptying was significantly correlated with increase in serum nicotine concentration on the high nicotine day.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis presenting with thoracic outlet syndrome and dysphagia.

A case of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) presenting with thoracic outlet syndrome and dysphagia is reported. Although extraspinal manifestations have been reported in these patients, thoracic outlet syndrome, particularly the anatomical anomaly found at operation, is previously unreported in patients with DISH. In addition to discussing DISH and thoracic outlet syndrome, we readvocate the anterior approach for 1st rib resection that was introduced in 1967 by Gol and associates. The direct visualization offered by this approach allowed us to avoid a potential injury to the brachial plexus that may have occurred had the transaxillary approach been used.

Deglutition Disorders↗
PubMed1988

Avoidable complications of resection of major nerve trunk neurofibromas and schwannomas.

Neurofibromas and schwannomas of major nerve trunks may present with a variety of symptoms and other clinical concerns. These include: (1) the question of malignancy, (2) pain and paresthesias, (3) cosmesis, and (4) symptoms and impending problems related to compression of adjacent structures. For these reasons, patients with neurofibromas and schwannomas may have valid reasons for surgery. Precise delineation of the anatomical relationships of the lesions and their location within peripheral nerve trunks is essential for decision making regarding when and how they should be excised; judgement regarding risks vs. benefits must be made carefully. Microsurgical dissection can be utilized to remove some nerve trunk lesions with preservation of most or all motor and sensory functions. An important goal in resecting benign lesions is to avoid sacrificing major motor and sensory functions. Three cases are presented to illustrate these concepts: 2 cases with significant motor loss following partial resection of large neurofibromas involving peripheral nerve trunks and 1 case with a large femoral nerve neurofibroma excised from the nerve trunk with microsurgical dissection, leading to relief of symptoms and complete preservation of motor function.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cervical diastematomyelia. Report of a case and review of a rare congenital anomaly.

Cervical diastematomyelia is a rare congenital abnormality. To our knowledge, only 18 cases have been reported. The present case was highly unusual in that it occurred in an adult. Other clinical features in the present case included symptoms that began after trauma and the presence of other associated congenital anomalies. The diastematomyelia was identified with computed tomographic metrizamide myelography and magnetic resonance imaging. The patient's neurologic deficits improved with surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Refined cigarette smoke as a method for reducing nicotine intake.

We developed a method of refining tobacco smoke to deliver sensory components of cigarette smoking while minimizing the delivery of nicotine and other toxic smoke constituents. In the first experiment, smokers rated puffs of their own brands of cigarette, a commercial low tar and nicotine cigarette, and refined smoke. The refined smoke was rated significantly stronger and more desirable than the low tar and nicotine cigarette despite a comparably low nicotine delivery; subjects' own brands were rated best, but in standardized smoking tests delivered over ten times more tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. In the second experiment, subjects smoked five times on each of two mornings; one day they received refined smoke and the other day smoked a low tar and nicotine cigarette. The refined smoke produced significantly more satisfaction, yet delivered far less carbon monoxide and tar (assessed by mouth intake). Nicotine intake was comparable to that of the low tar and nicotine cigarette. Because refined smoke substantially reduced subjects' craving for cigarettes while reducing nicotine intake, it may prove to be a useful short-term adjunct to a smoking cessation program. Additionally, the method may be useful in research analyzing the relative contributions of pharmacologic actions of inhaled smoke and the sensory cues associated with nicotine intake as reinforcers maintaining smoking behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Solitary histoplasmoma of the thalamus: case report and literature review.

Only nine cases of solitary thalamic abscess have been reported. All were of bacterial origin, and three were successfully treated by surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy. The authors present the history of a patient with a histoplasmoma of the thalamus. As is often the case with solitary thalamic lesions, this lesion was initially assumed to be a tumor and was first treated with radiotherapy. Despite the sensitive location of the lesion, tissue diagnosis and decompression was safely accomplished with the aid of ultrasonic localization. Appropriate antifungal treatment was given, and the patient made a good recovery.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Citric acid aerosol as a potential smoking cessation aid.

We tested the ability of a citric acid aerosol to simulate the tracheal sensations produced by cigarette smoke and to satisfy smokers' desire for cigarettes. Fifteen smokers rated puffs from their own brand of cigarette, citric acid aerosol, a low tar and nicotine cigarette, and air. To focus on tracheal perceptions and pharmacologic effects of nicotine, we equated visual, olfactory and taste cues across conditions. Subjects rated the citric acid aerosol more similar to their own brand, more desirable, and more satisfying (after a block of puffs) than control puffs of air. It was also rated equal to or better than the low tar and nicotine cigarette. Subjects' own brands were rated best, although puffs of citric acid aerosol were of comparable strength and harshness. The results suggest that a nebulizer delivering citric acid in a fine mist might reduce craving for cigarettes in smokers attempting to quit and may thereby increase cessation rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of in vivo and in vitro metabolites of the H1-antagonist N,N-dimethyl-N'-2-pyridyl-N'-(2-thienylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (methapyrilene) in the rat.

1. The H1-antagonist N,N-dimethyl-N'-2-pyridyl-N'-(2-thienylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (methapyrilene) is carcinogenic in rats. 2. The compound, which is inactive in short-term tests and does not bind to DNA, has been classified as a non-genotoxic carcinogen. 3. Studies have been made in vitro and in vivo in F344 and Sprague-Dawley rats. New metabolites included N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethyl)-2-aminopyridine and the corresponding N'-oxide, a derivative in which methapyrilene is hydroxylated on the 5-position of the pyridine ring, 2-(N',N'-dimethylamino)-N-2'-pyridylacetamide, N-(2-pyridyl)-N-2"-thienylmethyl)aminoacetaldehyde, and 2-hydroxymethylthiophene. 4. Both strains of rat metabolize methapyrilene to reactive species which may be of importance in the carcinogenic process.

Aminopyridines↗