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Biomedical subjects

J E Miller

Publications and source records attributed to J E Miller.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of fenbendazole molasses supplement block treatment on nematode infection and subsequent weight gain of weanling beef calves.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of fenbendazole molasses supplement block treatment on weight gain of weanling beef calves. An initial (November) oral fenbendazole (5 mg kg-1) treatment was administered to all animals in both trials. In Trials 1 and 2, respectively, two fenbendazole molasses supplement block treatments were administered 6 (6.4 mg kg-1) and 16 (7.0 mg kg-1) weeks later and 7 (3.4 mg kg-1) and 14 (3.8 mg kg-1) weeks later. During the treatment periods, calves were maintained on dormant bermuda grass pasture, supplemented with hay and protein/mineral blocks. The first block treatment was administered approximately midway through the supplement period to suppress the infection level when nutrition was marginal. The second treatment was administered just prior to ryegrass grazing. Trial 1 and 2 treatments resulted in reducing the infection level, as indicated by reduced mean fecal egg counts. Treatment group mean fecal egg counts remained lower than control group mean counts throughout each trial. In Trial 1, the treatment group gained 29.5 kg more than the control group. In Trial 2, the control group gained 15.5 kg more than the treatment group. Fecal egg count data indicated that the infection level during Trial 1 was higher than during Trial 2. This difference could influence weight gain.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Effect of fenbendazole and ivermectin on development of strongylate nematode eggs and larvae in calf feces.

Thirty-nine weaned steer calves (mean weight 284 kg) were maintained under dry-lot conditions and assigned (based on fecal nematode egg count) to one of three treatment groups of 13 animals each as follows: control (no treatment), fenbendazole (5 mg kg-1), and ivermectin (0.2 mg kg-1). Fecal samples were collected 12 h before treatment, at treatment, and 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment for determination of nematode eggs per gram, and (after culture) infective larvae per gram and population distribution. The effect of treatment on egg development was observed in feces collected 12 and 24 h after treatment. There was essentially no difference in efficacy, based on egg counts, of fenbendazole and ivermectin. Egg count was reduced 100% by both anthelmintics at 72 h after treatment. Viability, based on percent of eggs reaching the infective larval stage, of developing stages at 12, 24, and 48 h after fenbendazole treatment was 0.1%, 1.1%, and 0%; after ivermectin treatment the corresponding values were 23.7%, 30.1%, and 28.6%, respectively. Fenbendazole treatment resulted in little or no development of eggs and/or larvae in feces deposited 12 and 24 h after treatment, whereas development proceeded normally (compared with the control group) in ivermectin treated feces. Population distribution of infective larvae was predominantly Haemonchus and Cooperia with some Ostertagia and Oesophagostomum.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Anaerobic and aerobic power in arms and legs of elite senior wrestlers.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to characterize anaerobic power and aerobic power (power at peak oxygen uptake, or peak VO2) of elite senior (post-collegiate) wrestlers. Subjects (n = 14) from the U.S. national senior freestyle and Greco Roman wrestling teams were evaluated at separate tests using cycle ergometry for peak VO2 of the arms, peak VO2 of the legs, arm anaerobic peak power, and leg anaerobic peak power. Power output at peak VO2 was recorded for each test and compared to the anaerobic power of the appropriate body segment. The results (mean +/- SD) showed that wrestlers produced 2.3 +/- 0.4 W.kg body weight-1 at arm peak VO2 (43.7 +/- 4.6 ml.kg body weight-1. min-1), 4.2 +/- 0.5 W.kg body weight-1 at leg peak VO2 (50.9 +/- 5.1 ml.kg body weight-1.min-1), arm PP of 7.7 +/- 1.0 W.kg body weight-1, and leg PP of 10.5 +/- 1.7 W.kg body weight-1. Comparing power output during anaerobic and aerobic tests, the subjects performed at 3.4 +/- 0.6 times their peak oxygen uptake during arm anaerobic ergometry, whereas leg anaerobic peak power was 2.7 +/- 0.4 times the power at peak oxygen uptake for the legs (p < 0.05 for difference between ratios). CONCLUSION: relative to aerobic power, elite senior wrestlers may produce power anaerobically in the upper body at significantly higher levels than in the lower body.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Proteolytic cleavage of the reovirus sigma 3 protein results in enhanced double-stranded RNA-binding activity: identification of a repeated basic amino acid motif within the C-terminal binding region.

The reovirus capsid protein sigma 3 was examined for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding activity by Northwestern (RNA-protein) blot analysis. Treatment of virion-derived sigma 3 protein with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease led to an increase in the dsRNA-binding activity associated with the C-terminal fragment of the protein. Recombinant C-terminal fragments of the sigma 3 protein were expressed in Escherichia coli from the S4 cDNA of reovirus serotype 1. These truncated sigma 3 proteins displayed proteolytic processing and dsRNA-binding activity similar to those observed for native, virion-derived sigma 3 protein as measured by Northwestern blot analysis. Construction of a modified pET3c vector, pET3Exo, allowed the production of 3'-terminal deletions of the S4 cDNA by using exonuclease III and rapid screening of the induced truncated sigma 3 proteins. An 85-amino-acid domain within the C-terminal portion of the sigma 3 protein which was responsible for dsRNA-binding activity was identified. The 85-amino-acid domain possessed a repeated basic amino acid motif which was conserved in all three serotypes of reovirus. Deletion of one of the basic motifs, predicted to be an amphipathic alpha-helix, destroyed dsRNA-binding activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Studies of a spontaneous lethal mutation at the albino locus in SELH/Bc mice.

We report a new mutation at the albino locus in SELH/Bc mice. The mutation arose spontaneously in a male mouse that appeared to be a somatic and germ line mosaic for a new albino (c) allele, provisionally named cBc. The mutation is a recessive lethal, causing embryonic death soon after implantation. We have shown that there is no detectable activity of the Mod-2 allele in cis with the mutation and conclude that the mutation is probably a deletion that includes the c locus, the Mod-2 locus, the intervening 2 cM, and at least one locus essential for postimplantation embryonic survival, either proximal to the c locus or distal to the Mod-2 locus. This new mutation is similar to most previously reported spontaneous mutations at the albino locus in that it arose in a somatic and germ line mosaic mutant animal but differs from them in that it is an embryonic lethal when homozygous and is apparently a deletion. SELH/Bc mice appear to have a high mutation rate. This lethal albino mutation that appears to be a postmeiotic deletion should be useful in the search for the mechanism of mutagenesis in SELH/Bc mice. It may also be useful in mapping essential genes in the c-locus region.

Albinism↗
PubMed1992

The use of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in patients with acalculous biliary colic.

Twelve patients with biliary colic had no evidence of gallstones but underwent cholecystokinin-augmented hepatobiliary scintigraphy that revealed gallbladder ejection fractions of less than 35%. All 12 patients underwent cholecystectomy. Biliary colic was relieved in all patients at a mean postoperative follow-up of 2.5 years. The biliary colic in these patients was probably caused by abnormal gallbladder emptying, itself apparently produced by either cystic duct obstruction or abnormal motility. Biliary abnormality was seen at operation in most patients, and all patients had abnormalities of the gallbladder or cystic duct seen grossly or histologically. These abnormalities included cystic duct stenosis or adhesions, chronic inflammation, and cholesterolosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Birth spacing and child mortality in Bangladesh and the Philippines.

This analysis uses data from Bangladesh and the Philippines to demonstrate that children who are born within 15 months of a preceding birth are 60 to 80% more likely than other children to die in the first two years of life, once the confounding effects of prematurity are removed. The risks associated with short conception intervals are confined to children who are also high birth order; they persist in the presence of controls for prior familial child mortality, breast-feeding, mother's age, and socioeconomic status. In Bangladesh but not in the Philippines, these effects are confined to the neonatal period.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1992

Producing and avoiding stress shielding. Laboratory and clinical observations of noncemented total hip arthroplasty.

Experimental canine model studies of stiff versus flexible, fully porous-coated, metallic femoral stems (differing by three- to fivefold in stiffness characteristics) revealed markedly different resorptive bone remodeling patterns. The flexible stem resulted in about 30% more cortical bone retention adjacent to the implant at one-year postimplantation and larger differences in dogs killed two and three years after surgery. Strain-gauge studies confirmed that there are differences in cortical bone strains with the two stem designs, the flexible stem producing a more uniform and more nearly normal strain distribution medially. Differences in cortical bone remodeling were quantified using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The bone mineral content in femora with the flexible stem decreased less than 20%, compared to normal. At three years postimplantation, the bone mineral content of the femora with the stiff stem was about 50% that of the femora with the flexible stem. Clinically, DEXA revealed that 5%-15% changes in bone mineral density at various periimplant sites were common within the first two years after surgery; these changes were not usually evident roentgenographically. Serial roentgenographically distinct bone resorption was usually associated with bone mineral density changes of 20%-50%. Five- to 13-year roentgenographic follow-up observations of 213 cases with the Anatomic Medullary Locking prosthesis showed that pronounced bone resorption occurred in 33% of patients. Larger stems (greater than 13 mm in diameter) and stems with extensive porous coating had a significantly higher incidence of pronounced bone resorption than smaller stems and those with proximal coating. The stiffness characteristics of the human femur were established as a function of canal size and compared with those of noncemented hip prostheses. Increased mechanical compatibility was found for stems made of titanium alloy and with design features that reduce cross-sectional area and moment of inertia. Clinical data suggest that to reduce the likelihood of pronounced bone resorption, it would be beneficial for the implant to possess a bending stiffness of about one half to one third that of the human femur.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

Survey of Eimeria spp. oocysts in feces from Louisiana State University ewes.

The prevalence and identification of Eimeria spp. in the Louisiana State University ewe flock were determined from 109 fecal samples. Unsporulated oocysts were recovered from 94 of the samples and 1208 oocysts representing ten species of Eimeria were identified: E. ahsata, E. crandallis, E. Faurei, E. granulosa, E. intricata, E. ovina, E. ovinoidalis, E. pallida, E. parava and E. punctata. Eimeria ovinoidalis, which is probably the most pathogenic, was the species common to the most number of samples (59.6%); however, E. granulosa, which is non-pathogenic, was the most numerous species (23.7% of the total identified). The prevalence and identification of oocysts from ewes may be useful to evaluate infection potential when considering control programs, especially for lambs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Experimental hut trials of bednets impregnated with synthetic pyrethroid or organophosphate insecticide for mosquito control in The Gambia.

1. Nylon bednets impregnated with different insecticides were evaluated in 1988 against wild adult mosquito populations, mostly Mansonia africana (Theobald) and Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu lato, entering experimental verandah-trap huts in The Gambia. Each bednet had six 10 x 10 cm holes made in the walls to simulate torn conditions and permit female mosquitoes to enter and feed on sleepers. 2. Individual net treatments, determined by gas chromatography of net samples from before and after 12 weeks use of the bednets, were: permethrin 670 +/- 159 and 405 +/- 190 mg/m2 (40% loss), cypermethrin 37 +/- 8 and 16 +/- 9 mg/m2 (57% loss), deltamethrin 10 +/- 7 and 10 +/- 8 mg/m2 (no loss), lambda-cyhalothrin 2.6 +/- 0.9 and 1.6 +/- 0.5 mg/m2 (38% loss), pirimiphos-methyl 4017 +/- 117 and 1160 +/- 319 mg/m2 (71% loss). 3. Washing three times in the traditional manner with local cow-fat soap reduced the initial dosages by about 85% of cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, 99.8% of pirimiphos-methyl and left no detectable residues of deltamethrin or permethrin. 4. The unwashed permethrin-treated bednet reduced the number of mosquitoes entering a hut by 60% of An.gambiae s.l. and 68% of Mansonia spp. This deterrency was less pronounced with the other insecticides and was lost by washing the bednets. 5. Each insecticide, especially lambda-cyhalothrin and pirimiphosmethyl, caused significant mortality rates of mosquitoes that entered huts with impregnated bednets, and prevented the majority of An. gambiae s.l. and Mansonia females from bloodfeeding. Washing completely removed the efficacy of deltamethrin and permethrin treated bednets, whereas nets treated with cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin or pirimiphos-methyl remained significantly insecticidal after washing. 6. Aerial toxicity from the pirimiphos-methyl treated bednet killed 80% of An.gambiae s.l. confined overnight in the hut at the end of the trial, whereas the pyrethroid-treated bednets gave negligible mortality rates of mosquitoes. 7. Sleepers using the bednets had no medical symptoms significantly associated with any of the treatments. On the contrary, from 216 interviews, 4/10 complaints were associated with the use of untreated nets (P approximately 0.05), perhaps because sleepers were kept awake by mosquitoes and became more aware of any ailments. 8. It is concluded that permethrin tends mainly to deter mosquitoes from house-entry, enhancing personal protection, whereas the other insecticides kill higher proportions of the endophilic mosquitoes, which would give better community protection against malaria transmission.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Pyrethroid-treated bednet effects on mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia.

The response of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes to men sleeping under insecticide-impregnated or untreated bednets in six verandah trap huts was studied during the dry season in The Gambia. With this type of hut it was possible to collect live and dead indoor-resting mosquitoes and estimate the number of wild mosquitoes which entered, bloodfed on man, and exited each night. Bednets were treated with emulsions targetted to leave deposits of 25 mg/m2 lambda-cyhalothrin, or 5, 50 or 500 mg/m2 permethrin, diluted from emulsifiable concentrates (EC), or a blank formulation similar to the EC except that the permethrin was omitted; the sixth net was left untreated. Nets and sleepers were rotated between huts on different nights, the design being based on a series of Latin squares and conducted double-blind. Permethrin-impregnated bednets deterred mosquitoes from entering the huts. The degree of deterrency was proportional to the dosage of permethrin. This effect was also caused by the blank formulation and therefore attributed to other components of the formulation, rather than to the permethrin itself. The net impregnated with 500 mg permethrin per square metre gave the best individual protection, reducing mosquito bloodfeeding by 91% compared with untreated nets. However, lambda-cyhalothrin was proportionately more insecticidal than permethrin at doses of equivalent deterrency. At this stage of research, it remains conjectural whether chemical deterrency or killing of malaria vectors is better for community protection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of dietary biotin supplementation on sow reproductive performance and soundness and pig growth and mortality.

A 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary biotin supplementation on the reproductive performance of 90 sows and gilts, and on the pre-weaning growth and mortality of 223 litters. Corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with either 0 or 440 micrograms/kg d-biotin were fed to sows throughout their reproductive cycle. Biotin supplementation had no beneficial effect (P greater than .10) on 107-d sow weight, sow weight at weaning, weaning to estrus interval, foot lesion score, hair loss score, structural soundness score, number of pigs born, number and percentage of pigs born alive or number and percentage of pigs alive at 21 d of age. Biotin supplementation had no effect (P greater than .10) on pig growth or mortality to 21 d of age. These data do not support the concept that biotin supplementation of sow diets is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Modeling the effects of ozone on soybean growth and yield.

A simple mechanistic model was developed based on an existing growth model in order to address the mechanisms of the effects of ozone on growth and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr. 'Davis'] and interacting effects of other environmental stresses. The model simulates daily growth of soybean plants using environmental data including shortwave radiation, temperature, precipitation, irrigation and ozone concentration. Leaf growth, dry matter accumulation, water budget, nitrogen input and seed growth linked to senescence and abscission of leaves are described in the model. The effects of ozone are modeled as reduced photosynthate production and accelerated senescence. The model was applied to the open-top chamber experiments in which soybean plants were exposed to ozone under two levels of soil moisture regimes. After calibrating the model to the growth data and seed yield, goodness-of-fit of the model was tested. The model fitted well for top dry weight in the vegetative growth phase and also at maturity. The effect of ozone on seen yield was also described satisfactorily by the model. The simulation showed apparent interaction between the effect of ozone and soil moisture stress on the seed yield. The model revealed that further work is needed concerning the effect of ozone on the senescence process and the consequences of alteration of canopy microclimate by the open-top chambers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

The effect of stem stiffness on femoral bone resorption after canine porous-coated total hip arthroplasty.

Bilateral noncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) was produced in dogs to determine the effect of stem stiffness on stress-related bone resorption. Two porous-coated femoral implants of substantially different stiffnesses were designed for direct comparison. One was manufactured from cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy, the other from titanium alloy. The titanium stem was hollowed out to a wall thickness of 1 mm to further reduce its stiffness. The cumulative stiffness differences were about 5.4-fold axially and 3.6-fold in bending and torsion. Staged bilateral THA was performed on eight dogs. Each dog received a stiff CoCr stem on one side and a flexible titanium stem on the other. After death, the femora were removed and processed for undecalcified thin-section histology. Bone ingrowth and remodeling were quantified by computer-aided image analysis and compared between stem designs. All femoral specimens showed bone ingrowth fixation of both stiff and flexible stems along the implant length. Tetracycline labeling indicated active bone turnover in the femoral cortex and in regions of ingrowth. However, gross differences in femoral bone remodeling were observed both roentgenographically and histologically. Femora with the flexible stems consistently showed much less bone resorption than those with the stiff stems. Quantitative analysis of paired cross-sections indicated an average of 25%-35% more cortical bone area in the femora with flexible stems. Severe resorption of the cortex in the midstem region occurred in three of the femora with the stiff stems but in none with the flexible stems. Stem stiffness strongly influences bone remodeling. The flexible stem results in more uniform load transfer and less stress shielding.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of the results of transhiatal versus transthoracic resection.

The cases of 78 patients with primary esophageal carcinoma treated from 1977 to mid-1987 were retrospectively analyzed. Fifty-two of the patients underwent transthoracic esophagogastrectomy (TTE) and 26, transhiatal esophagectomy (THE). The two groups were statistically similar in preoperative characteristics except that more of the THE group had received chemotherapy; this group had relatively more tumors of the upper esophagus; and 20 (77%) of the THE group, compared with 50 (96%) of the TTE group, had tumors in stages III and IV. The incidence of major postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. There were five (19%) anastomotic leaks in the THE group, but only one led to a prolongation of hospital stay by more than 14 days, whereas all three (6%) of the leaks in the TTE group caused hospital stay to be prolonged several weeks. Overall morbidity was high: 75% (39/52) for the TTE patients and 85% (22/26) for the THE patients (p greater than 0.10). Hospital mortality was 6% (3/52) in the TTE group and 8% (2/26) in the THE patients (p greater than 0.10). There was no significant difference in actuarial survival either between the two groups as a whole or between those patients in each group who had stage III or IV tumors. We conclude that THE, among the types of patients for whom we used the procedure, provides long-term survival comparable with that provided by TTE without causing a significant increase in hospital mortality or morbidity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1989

The role of lymphocytes and monocytes in hematopoietic growth factor production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) are one of the richest described physiologic sources of colony-stimulating activity. To understand the molecular basis for, and the cellular sources of, this MNC activity, we cultured purified human lymphocytes and monocytes for 2 hr to 6 days and examined colony-stimulating factor (CSF) gene activity by Northern blot analysis. We show that MNC are capable of expressing messenger RNA for macrophage (M)-CSF, granulocyte (G)-CSF, GM-CSF, and multi-CSF when stimulated with mitogens. The time courses of induction of these genes differ, with G-CSF induction preceding that of the other CSFs. In addition, the spectra of CSFs produced by cell populations enriched for lymphocytes, monocytes, or macrophages differ. The implications of these findings for the selective activation of hematopoiesis are discussed.

Cells, Cultured↗