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Biomedical subjects

J E Martin

Publications and source records attributed to J E Martin.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug use by mentally retarded adults across community residential and vocational placements.

The prevalence of psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug use across a comprehensive continuum of community programs for mentally retarded adults was examined. Psychotropic and/or anticonvulsant drugs were administered to 48% of the sample. The hypnotic, antidepressant, antimanic, and anxiolytic medications were used by 6%-12%, the anticonvulsants by 48%, and the neuroleptics by 66% of those who were prescribed psychotropic drugs. Mildly mentally retarded persons used more neuroleptic, manic, and antidepressant medication. Severely and profoundly mentally retarded individuals used more anxiolytics and hypnotic drugs. Psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug intake varied little by sex. However, an institutional history was associated with higher levels of drug use. Seventy percent of those with an institutional history were prescribed drugs; in comparison, only 27% of those without such a history used medication. The percentage of individuals who used psychotropic and anticonvulsant drugs increased dramatically as both the vocational and residential placements became more restrictive. Possible toxic behavioral effects of psychotropic and anticonvulsant medication upon habilitative efforts were discussed. Future research issues were suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Single umbilical artery and other congenital defects in a calf.

Single umbilical artery, a common anomaly of humans is often accompanied by caudal and other vascular defects. A literature search failed to reveal any cases reported in animals. Dissection of a neonatal Holstein bull calf disclosed the following congenital defects: single umbilical artery with anomalous origin, abnormal abdominal aorta, azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava, rectal atresia, rectourethral fistula, abnormally shaped urinary bladder, unilateral testicular agenesis, undescended testis, unilateral renal agenesis, bifid ureter, and hydroureter.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1984

Pulmonary blastoma. Case report and literature review of chemotherapy experience.

Pulmonary blastoma is a rare primary lung neoplasm, occurring in both children and adults, which is pathologically, clinically, and prognostically distinct from other lung tumors. Usually it has been treated with surgery, but both chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been used for metastatic disease, and in the adjuvant setting. A patient is described who presented with metastatic pulmonary blastoma. Treatment with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dactinomycin resulted in an objective response as judged by standard criteria. The literature is reviewed for other experience with chemotherapy in this rare lung tumor. This four-drug combination appears to show promise for tumor response, and is deserving of further trial.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1984

Substance P immunoreactivity released from rat spinal cord after kainic acid excitation of the ventral medulla oblongata: a correlation with increases in blood pressure.

Kainic acid injections into the ventral medulla oblongata of sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized rats caused an almost immediate increase in mean arterial pressure which reached hypertensive levels (greater than 200 mm Hg). Correlated with this rise in blood pressure was a two-fold increase in the amount of SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in spinal cord superfusion samples. Baseline values obtained from a pool of two rats went from approximately 10 pg/10 min to approximately 20 pg/10 min. Rats pretreated with intracerebroventricular injections of the serotonin neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), were also given kainic acid injections into the ventral medulla. 5,7-DHT did not block pressure response to kainic acid nor the elevation of SPLI in spinal cord superfusates. However, baseline levels of SPLI were decreased by approximately 50% in 5,7-DHT-treated rats. These findings show that activation of the ventral medulla oblongata causes an elevation of SPLI in spinal cord superfusates concomitant with an elevation in mean arterial blood pressure. These responses appear to be independent of serotonergic systems.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed1984

EMG biofeedback-controlled exercise in chronic arthritic knee pain.

Reinstitution of a regular exercise program for patients with chronic arthritic knee pain can be extremely important, given the overall medical and psychosocial status of the patient. A 60-year-old man with intense pain in his right knee was targeted for an exercise intervention program. Before treatment, the patient's symptoms included near absence of vastus medialis muscle, subpatellar crepitation, and other signs of atrophy. The patient had 17 exercise sessions of 15 minutes each using an ergometer. During these sessions, the patient was given audio feedback to train him to use the vastus medialis as the predominant knee extensor while minimizing use of the vastus lateralis. As treatment progressed, pain was markedly lessened, the vastus medialis increased to normal size, and crepitation was less than in prior exams. A portable home biofeedback device was used to help maintain the appropriate exercise response. Importantly, the patient reported an increase in positive mood as he was able to ambulate without pain.

Arthritis↗
PubMed1983

An investigation of a minimal contact brand fading program for smoking treatment.

Self-help methods are preferred by smokers over clinic-based treatments providing more traditional services. Unfortunately, these more popular methods have not been extremely successful in getting smokers to quit. The poor success rates may be partially related to the lack of structure inherent in these treatment approaches. The present study examined a self-help program delivered to smokers via a written manual and limited duration phone calls--the latter to add structure to the treatment procedures. The results, a 23% abstinent rate, indicate that this approach has some promise for treating chronic smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Assessment of smoking topography generalization across laboratory, clinical, and naturalistic settings.

A three-study series was conducted to examine smoking topography across clinical, laboratory, and naturalistic settings for 24 smokers who were patients in an alcohol treatment program. Experiments 1 and 2 included surreptitious observation of smoking in group therapy sessions (naturalistic), and obtrusive observation of smoking in a smoking clinic setting. The third study added a laboratory smoking condition to the clinic and group conditions. Puffing patterns in clinical and laboratory settings tended to be similar, and both differed from smoking in the naturalistic setting. Subjects generally took more puffs, longer puffs, and had shorter cigarette durations in clinical and laboratory settings than in the naturalistic setting. The implications of these findings for assessment of intake and health risk are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Reproducibility of mammographic classifications.

Wolfe's mammographic classification and a percentage classification are statistically evaluated for inter- and intraobserver bias and agreement by seven mammographers with a set of 200 xeromammograms. The results demonstrate significant bias and disagreement with both methods, raising questions about the clinical limitations of these or other mammographic classifications. However, about 90% of the percentage classifications of pairs of readers are within adjacent categories. This suggests that (1) more experience with precisely defined classifications and protocols, (2) the development and application of readily available instructional materials, and (3) studies to identify and evaluate sources of variation in such classifications may eventually lead to acceptable levels of reproducibility.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1982

The use of picture cues to establish self-control in the preparation of complex meals by mentally retarded adults.

This investigation examined the effectiveness of picture cues in establishing self-control in the completion of complex meals by mildly and moderately retarded adults. Three participants, who lived in nonsheltered residential settings, were trained to prepare five complex meals. Following a training baseline comprised of pre-instruction, instructional feedback, and trainers' presence, picture recipe cards were introduced in a multiple-baseline fashion. Rapid improvement in the ability of each participant to independently complete each meal when the picture recipe cards were used occurred. A return to baseline for one of the participants demonstrated further self-directed antecedent stimulus control of the picture recipe cards as an effective treatment procedure. A discussion of future areas of research is included.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Implications of self-monitoring for smoking treatment: effects on adherence and session attendance.

The reactive effects of three self-monitoring procedures were evaluated with respect to compliance with the self-monitoring requirements and session attendance. A total of 50 smokers who agreed to participate in a smoking cessation program were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: three self-monitoring conditions and two no self-monitoring control conditions. Results indicate that groups were initially equal on the variables of age, sex, pack year history, estimated rate of consumption, and alveolar carbon monoxide level. Drop-out rates for the no self-monitoring control groups were equal at the second session (10% each) and significantly lower than those of the self-monitoring groups (40%, 40%, and 60%). This significant difference was still present at the sixth treatment session. The implications of increased drop-out rates in smoking cessation programs resulting from self-monitoring are discussed.

Adult↗