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Biomedical subjects

J E Martin

Publications and source records attributed to J E Martin.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

A simple technique for the long-term non-polarised and polarised culture of human fallopian tube epithelial cells.

Fallopian tubes were obtained from 25 women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Pieces of fallopian tube mucosa were placed in culture flasks containing minimum essential medium in Earle's salts supplemented with fetal bovine serum. First passage was carried out after 7-10 days and subcultures in 4-5 days. For polarised cell culture, epithelial cells were seeded onto an extracellular matrix system. New epithelial cells were seen on day 2-3 of the primary culture and epithelial patches on day 7-10. Cells reached confluence in 4-5 days in subcultures. The cells could be subcultured for 7-11 passages with a life span of 42-60 days. Epithelial origins of the cells were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining with anti-cytokeratin antibody. Polarised cells showed a columnar pattern, microvilli on their apical surface and basally located nucleus whereas non-polarised cells were flat. It was concluded that the human fallopian tube epithelial cells can be cultured in vitro to create non-polarised and polarised cell layers by using a simple and reproducible technique and this system can be a potential model to study function of the fallopian tube.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Spontaneous substitutions in the vicinity of the V3 analog affect cell tropism and pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus.

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) exists within tissues of infected macaques as a mixture of diverse genotypes. The goal of this study was to investigate the biologic significance of this variation in terms of cellular tropism and pathogenicity. PCR was used to amplify and clone 3'-half genomes from the spleen of an immunodeficiency SIV-infected pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Eight infectious clones were generated by ligation of respective 3' clones into a related SIVsm 5' clone, and virus stocks were generated by transient transfection. Four of these viruses were infectious for macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Three viruses with distinct tropism for macaque PBMC or MDM were tested for in vivo infectivity and pathogenicity. The ability of these three viruses to infect PBMC and macrophages correlated with differences in infectivity and pathogenicity. Thus, a virus that was infectious for both PBMC and MDM was highly infectious for macaques and induced AIDS in half of the inoculated animals. In contrast, virus that was less infectious for PBMC and not infectious for MDM induced only transient viremia. Finally, a virus that was not infectious for either primary cell type did not infect macaques. Chimeric clones exchanging portions of the envelope gene of the 62A and smH4 molecular clones and a series of point mutants were used to map the determinant of tropism to a 60-amino-acid region of gp120 encompassing the V3 analog of SIV. Naturally occurring mutations within this region were critical for determining tropism and, as a result, pathogenicity of these SIVsm clones.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Radiation dose reduction in CT of the pediatric pelvis.

PURPOSE: To determine whether a lower radiation dose technique can be used for computed tomography (CT) of the pediatric pelvis without significant loss of diagnostic image quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six pediatric patients underwent CT at 80 mAs (experimental group), and 42 underwent CT at 240 mAs (control group). Anatomic details, image quality, and the degree of confidence in reaching a diagnosis were graded on a scale of 1 (poor) to 4 (excellent). RESULTS: The difference in perceived image quality between the experimental and control groups was not statistically significant. The mean scores for scans evaluated by the first reader were 3.88 for the experimental group and 3.92 for the control group (P = .2804). The mean scores for the second reader were 3.78 and 3.77 for the experimental and control groups, respectively (P = .8131). CONCLUSION: A substantial dose reduction can be achieved if pelvic CT is performed at 80 mAs, without a recognizable deterioration of diagnostic image quality.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Endurance exercise in mild hypertension: effects on blood pressure and associated metabolic and quality of life variables.

The effects of a ten week endurance exercise training programme on blood pressure and associated metabolic and quality of life variables were examined in 28 unmedicated mildly hypertensive men (21-54 years of age). At baseline, BP averaged 138.8/94.8 mmHg, body mass index averaged 27.9 and percentage body fat averaged 29%. The average reduction in BP of 11.4/9.8 mmHg (P = 0.0001) was accompanied by decreases in plasma renin activity of 1.82 ng/ml/h (P = 0.001) and in total plasma catecholamines of 77.9 pg/ml (P = 0.05). Percentage body fat decreased 1.3% (P = 0.02) and work capacity increased 1.2 METS (P = 0.002). There were no significant changes in body weight or plasma lipids, cortisol, insulin or urinary electrolyte excretion. Changes in SBP were correlated significantly with change in plasma renin activity (r = 0.38, P = 0.05). Favourable changes were also observed in mood (P = 0.04) and in one measure of type A behaviour (P = 0.04). None of the participants sustained an injury. We conclude that reduction of BP with endurance exercise training in these mildly hypertensive men was primarily associated with reduced plasma renin activity and did not adversely affect quality of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Cytoplasmic inclusions in spinal neurons of the motor neuron degeneration (Mnd) mouse. I. Light microscopic analysis.

The motor neuron degeneration (Mnd) mutation in the mouse is a late onset, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease in which ventral horn neurons have been shown to contain numerous, large cytoplasmic inclusions. Histochemical and immunocytochemical studies performed on spinal cord from Mnd/Mnd mice in late stages of the disease showed the inclusions to contain protein, lipid and carbohydrate moieties. Spinal neurons, especially those in spinal lamina IX, contained increased beta-glucuronidase activity in the form of large cytoplasmic inclusions. Such inclusions also contained increased acid phosphatase and trimetaphosphatase activity. When immunostained with antiubiquitin antibodies, intracellular ubiquitin deposits were present as accumulations of varying size; some were amorphous while others contained small granules. Extraneuronal ubiquitin deposits were detected in the neuropil. Immunostaining with monoclonal antibody ML30, used here to assay for the presence of a mitochondrial epitope in the inclusions, was widespread and punctate in white and grey matter from Mnd/Mnd and age-matched control spinal cords. The overall pattern of staining was similar for both tissue sources and did not correspond to any of the other probes which reacted with the inclusions in Mnd neurons. The presence of increased levels of lysosomal hydrolases and ubiquitinated molecules suggests that the two general systems for intracellular digestion are activated in Mnd/Mnd spinal neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Expression of the human groEL stress-protein homologue in the brain and spinal cord.

A monoclonal antibody (ML30), previously shown to identify a human mitochondrial protein epitope homologous with the groEL heat-shock protein of bacteria (hsp60), was used in an immunohistochemical survey of the central nervous system in patients dying with no evidence of neurological disease and in tissue from patients dying with various neurological disorders. Staining was performed on frozen tissue sections and on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Astrocytes in all areas showed a strong pattern of punctate granular staining, which was increased in astrocytes showing reactive changes. Oligodendrocytes stained lightly in a diffuse granular pattern as did most neurons. Ependymal cells showed apical granular positivity. Expression of the hsp60 epitope recognised by ML30 was not seen in ubiquitinated inclusion bodies in motor neuron disease, neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease or Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease. The epitope recognised by ML30 was stable after formalin fixation and in post mortem tissue up to 96 h after death. Expression of the human groEL stress-protein homologue in brain and spinal cord is consistent with a mitochondrial location and may provide a morphological indicator of the functional or metabolic state of cells, especially glial cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The detection of breast cancer after augmentation mammaplasty.

Thirty-five patients treated for 37 cases of breast cancer after augmentation mammaplasty were analyzed. All augmentations were performed with silicone gel prostheses at a mean age of 38 years (range 24 to 59 years). The mean interval from breast augmentation to the detection of breast cancer was 7.5 years. Physical examination demonstrated a palpable breast mass in 35 of the 37 cases (95 percent). The pathologic staging was in situ 3 (8 percent), local 18 (49 percent), and nonlocal 16 (43 percent). Standard compression mammography was performed in 31 patients prior to breast biopsy. Abnormalities were detected in 17 (54.8 percent). Palpable masses were visualized in only 12 (38.7 percent). Ultrasound was utilized successfully in 3 patients with palpable masses to guide fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Standard two-view mammography has a low sensitivity in detecting palpable cancers in patients who have undergone augmentation mammaplasty. Ultrasound should be evaluated as a routine adjunctive screening method in this group of patients. The clinical detection of breast cancer, as evidenced by pathologic staging, is not delayed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Histochemical and immunocytochemical study of ubiquitinated neuronal inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Ubiquinated cytoplasmic inclusions are a characteristic feature of the anterior horn cell pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The underlying abnormality leading to the production of these inclusions in this neurodegenerative motor system disease is unknown. Despite the application of a wide range of histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques we have been unable to identify a core constituent protein in these intraneuronal inclusions. A novel approach to this problem is required.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1993

Myofibroblasts in hollow visceral myopathy: the origin of gastrointestinal fibrosis?

A patient with hollow visceral myopathy is reported in whom light microscopical studies of the small and large intestine showed typical features of degeneration, thinning, and fibrous replacement of smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Electron microscopy showed a striking increase in collagen with minimal fibroblast proliferation. Smooth muscle fibres had a range of ultrastructural abnormalities including myofilament disarray, electron lucency of the cytoplasm, and proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Some fibres seemed to have typical ultrastructural characteristics of myofibroblasts, and others to be transition forms between typical smooth muscle cells and typical myofibroblasts. It seems likely that the fibrosis typical of this disorder has its origin in the transformation of smooth muscle fibres from a purely contractile to a myofibroblast collagen synthetic phenotype.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Fatal case of echovirus type 9 encephalitis.

Enteroviruses are rare causes of acute focal encephalitis. A fatal case of echovirus type 9 infection is reported in a 9 month old boy who presented with a fever and a macular rash followed by two focal seizures. Echovirus type 9 was isolated from lung tissue after seven days.

Diseases in Twins↗
PubMed1993

Sorbitol content of selected oral liquids.

OBJECTIVE: Excipients in pharmaceuticals usually are considered inert, and may be overlooked in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea. Sorbitol-containing medicinal liquids are capable of inducing osmotic diarrhea. We reviewed the oral liquids in our formulary to determine their sorbitol content and to evaluate the availability of this information. DESIGN: The oral liquids stocked by our hospital were determined through a computer search and manual inspection of the pharmacy storeroom. Three common sources of drug information were consulted to determine each product's sorbitol content: manufacturers' product information, American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Drug Information 91, and Facts and Comparisons Drug Information. We then contacted each manufacturer by mail or telephone to verify the information. SETTING: The study was conducted at the University of Cincinnati Hospital, a tertiary-care, teaching hospital. RESULTS: A total of 129 products (98 chemical entities) were reviewed. Fifty-four (42 percent) of the products examined contained sorbitol. The frequency of sorbitol presence by liquid type was: solutions (33 percent), suspensions (43 percent), syrups (59 percent), elixirs (43 percent), concentrates (67 percent), drops (33 percent), tinctures (0 percent), and emulsions (0 percent). The percentage of listings indicating the presence of sorbitol was: manufacturer's product information (79 percent), Facts and Comparisons (52 percent), and AHFS Drug Information 91 (13 percent). Only three of the 54 products had the exact sorbitol content stated in any source.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Heterotopic neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Heterotopic neurons in ALS have suggested aberrant neuronal migration during development. We studied 10 cases with ALS, 10 normal controls, and 10 cases with anterior horn cell disease, including spinal muscular atrophy and acute and remote poliomyelitis. There was no excess of heterotopic neurons in ALS compared with either control group and therefore no failure of neuronal migration in ALS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Expression of heat shock protein epitopes in renal disease.

We have examined the immunohistochemical pattern of staining with antibodies to the 72 kD heat shock protein (HSP72) and ubiquitin in 28 cases of human renal disease. Three distinct patterns of staining were seen with the use of an antibody to HSP72: tubular, intraluminal and interstitial. No glomerular staining was detected. In no cases were ubiquitin epitopes detected. The pattern of staining was most strongly related to the activity of the disease process, positive staining often being present in relation to agents or processes known to upregulate stress protein expression in experimental isolated cellular systems. Stress protein upregulation in human renal disease may represent cellular attempts at cytoprotection in conditions of active sublethal cell toxicity.

Epitopes↗
PubMed1993

Developmental effects of petroleum creosote on mice following oral exposure.

Petroleum creosote, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, was administered by gavage to pregnant ICR mice on days 5-9 of gestation at a single dose (400 mg/kg body weight per day). Animals were euthanized on day 17 of gestation, and live fetuses were weighed and examined for skeletal and visceral malformations. Maternal body weights were significantly lowered in both the group administered creosote and the group administered the solvent alone. The number of live fetuses, dead fetuses, resorptions, and the sex ratio in the live fetuses were similar in all groups. Petroleum creosote as administered in this study was not found to be teratogenic in ICR mice.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗