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Biomedical subjects

J E Clark

Publications and source records attributed to J E Clark.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Levels of enzymes involved in the synthesis of acetate from CO2 in Clostridium thermoautotrophicum.

The acetogenic bacterium Clostridium thermoautotrophicum, grown on methanol, glucose, or CO2-H2, contained high levels of corrinoids, formate dehydrogenase, tetrahydrofolate enzymes, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and hydrogenase. Cell-free extracts catalyzed pyruvate-dependent formation of acetate from methyltetrahydrofolate. These results suggest that C. thermoautotrophicum synthesizes acetate from CO2 via a formate-tetrahydrofolate-corrinoid pathway.

Acetates↗
PubMed1982

Legal aspects of clinical pharmacy practice.

Recent trends in pharmacy have emphasized the concept of a more clinical professional role and a new level of skilled practice for pharmacists. These new roles and responsibilities create a number of legal questions concerning the clinical activities pharmacists can legally perform, and the liabilities pharmacists must bear in the performance or negligence of these duties. The law is not completely clear on all aspects of clinical pharmacy practice. This paper explores the legal basis of certain specific functions performed by pharmacists, and the inherent liabilities involved in the performance of these functions.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1982

Attitudes among blacks toward donating kidneys for transplantation: a pilot project.

PATIENTS REQUIRING KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS HAVE THREE POSSIBLE SOURCES: (1) a kidney from an individual who dies suddenly (approval for the transplant must be given by the next-of-kin of the deceased); (2) a kidney from a relative; and (3) a kidney from one who "willed" it to be transplanted following his or her death. Each of these circumstances requires decision making. On the basis of this information, a research program designed to determine the nature of attitudes of blacks toward kidney donations was developed. Results disclosed a lack of knowledge about kidney transplantation; disassociation and lack of communication between blacks and the medical community; religious fears; fears of premature death; and racism.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1981

Concentrations of kanamycin and amikacin in human gallbladder bile and wall.

The concentrations of amikacin and kanamycin were determined in the serum, gallbladder bile, and gallbladder wall of 20 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Of 20 patients, 14 received 500 mg of amikacin intramuscularly and 6 received 500 mg of kanamycin intramuscularly at various times before surgery. In patients receiving kanamycin, detectable levels appeared in bile within 90 min after drug administration, and in five of six patients concentrations ranged from 1.9 to 23 micrograms/ml. Levels of kanamycin in gallbladder wall ranged from 8.0 to 14 micrograms/g. In patients receiving amikacin, detectable levels appeared in bile within 48 min after drug administration and ranged from 1.3 to 7.5 micrograms/ml in 12 of 14 patients. Levels of amikacin in gallbladder wall ranged from 4.7 to 34 micrograms/g. The presence of an obstructed cystic duct did not preclude the entry of either antibiotic into gallbladder bile, and this may reflect passage of antibiotic through the gallbladder wall rather than accumulation via bile secretion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The natural history of recurrent facial-oral infection with herpes simplex virus.

Fifty-seven episodes of facial-oral infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) (cold sores) were studied in 41 ambulatory patients. Patients were examined within 24 hr of the onset of symptoms and for five consecutive days. Clinical parameters were assessed, lesion size was measured, and daily cultures for virus were performed. HSV was isolated in 61% of the episodes and was HSV type 1 in all cases. Serum neutralizing antibody to HSV was measured initially and 21 days after the onset of symptoms. All patients had antibody initially, but a fourfold or greater rise in titer was seen in only four patients. Lesion size and stage of healing were compared in patients with virus-positive episodes and those with virus-negative episodes. These two groups were found to be clinically distinct. Virus-positive lesions were larger, and the rate of healing was slower. This finding provides the first clinical correlation associated with the presence of HSV in cold sores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Nature of the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid (PACP) stain for plasma membranes of plants and mammalian sperm.

The selective staining of plasma membranes of plants and porcine spermatozoa given by a mixture consisting of 1% phosphotungstic acid in 10% chromic acid (PACP) applied following periodic acid destaining of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed electron microscope sections is reduced or eliminated by prior extraction of the tissues with lipid solvents, including ethanol. The ethanol-soluble fraction of sperm contains constituents which restore the PACP-staining reaction when added to ethanol-extracted and lyophilized sperm. Analysis of the ethanol extracts by thin layer chromatography revealed two major components which reacted with both phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and alpha-naphthol detection reagents. These PTA-positive constituents were concentrated in plasma membranes of sperm; components with similar mobilities were found in fractions of plasma membranes from plants. Addition of the PTA-positive constituents from either sperm or plants to extracted and lyophilized sperm restored the PACP staining. The findings are interpreted to mean that one or more low molecular weight constituents (saccharides or glycolipids), rather than glycoproteins, concentrated in plaslma membranes are responsible for the unique PACP staining in both plants and porcine sperm.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Treatment of generalized epilepsies of childhood and adolescence with sodium valproate ("epilim").

A total of 142 patients (84 per cent aged less than 20 years) with various forms of generalized epilepsy have been treated with sodium valproate alone or in combination with other drugs. The mean duration of symptoms was six years, and half the patients had daily seizures. Nine patients had typical absences, 33 had absences with automatisms, 28 had tonic-clonic seizures with or without photosensitivity, and 72 had various forms of myoclonic epilepsy. Dosage varied from 23 to 54mg/kg and twice-daily administration was usual. Estimation of serum levels did not assist in management. Fits ceased in 63 per cent of all cases and a further 18 per cent showed improvement greater than 50 per cent. Of the 69 with 3c/sec spike-and-wave discharges, 81 per cent became free from all fits, as did 77 percent of those with myoclonic jerks. Fits ceased in eight of the 32 patients with myoclonic astatic epilepsy and there was improvement greater than 50 per cent in a further eight patients. Other anticonvulsants were often withdrawn and always reduced. 21 patients received sodium valproate alone from the start of treatment and all other drugs were withdrawn in another 38. Sodium valproate alone controlled all fits in four children with absences, in 18 with absences with automatisms, 10 with tonic-clonic seizures and 22 with myoclonic epilepsy. Side-effects were rare, mild and often temporary. Potentiation of barbiturates and benzodiazepines occurred, especially clonazepam, which should be avoided. Many patients were more alert. Sodium valproate appears to be the drug of choice for epilepsies associated with generalized spike-and-wave discharges, myoclonic epilepsies or photosensitive epilepsies, and is of especial value in children and mentally retarded patients because it lacks sedating effects and often induces liveliness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Photodynamic inactivation in recurrent infections with herpes simplex virus.

Photodynamic inactivation with neutral red (a heterotricyclic dye) and light was evaluated in a placebo-controlled study of 170 episodes of recurrent infection with herpes simplex virus in 96 patients. The technique inactivated herpes simplex virus in vitro. However, no beneficial effect, either on the rate of resolution of herpetic lesions or on the interval to subsequent recurrences, was observed in treated patients. These negative results should not deter further investigation of photodynamic inactivation as a potential treatment for herpes simplex virus infections, but the clinical application of this form of therapy should be limited to properly controlled studies until its efficacy is proven.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1975

Failure of neutral-red photodynamic inactivation in recurrent herpes simplex virus infections.

Because photodynamic inactivation of herpes simplex virus infections may not be free of hazard, the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation with neutral red and light was evaluated in a placebo-controlled study of 170 episodes of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection in 96 patients. The preparation of neutral red that was used was shown to photoinactivate herpes simplex virus in vitro, but had no significant effect on the rate of resolution of herpetic lesions (P greater than 0.10) or on the frequency of subsequent recurrences (P greater than 0.10), except for orolabial lesions, in which an adverse effect on the rate of subsequent recurrences was observed (P less than 0.05). In the absence of demonstrated efficacy, the routine use of neutral red and light in patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus infections should be discontinued. Furthermore, other photoactive dyes should not be used until their efficacy has been demonstrated by suitably controlled clinical trials.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1974

Sodium valproate in treatment of epilepsy.

Sodium valproate has a simple chemical structure unlike other anticonvulsants. It has been given to 63 patients with various types of epilepsy whose attacks were frequent and of whom 40 had failed to respond to other anticonvulsants. Fits stopped completely in 27 patients (43%) and 14 (22%) showed a reduction of attacks by more than 50%. The best results were in patients with absences (typical and atypical) associated with spike and wave discharges on the electroencephalogram. Myoclonic epilepsies responded well and improvement occurred with tonic-clonic seizures and focal motor fits. There was little or no improvement in temporal lobe epilepsy. Sodium valproate given alone did not cause unwanted effects but it potentiated many other anticonvulsants. An unusual side effect was temporary hair loss. A number of patients became more alert, school performances improved, and the management of subnormal patients became easier.

Adolescent↗