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Biomedical subjects

J E Carr

Publications and source records attributed to J E Carr.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Cognitive correlates of biologic sex and gender identity in transsexualism.

Twenty-two individuals seeking sex-change surgery and diagnosed as transsexual by a Gender Identify Research Team underwent extensive neuropsychological and cognitive testing prior to surgery. On the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale transsexuals performed in congruence with their biologic sex rather than gender identity. In contrast, on a measure of conceptual styles, transsexuals performed in congruence with their gender identity. The MMPI did not provide evidence of a major psychopathological process.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pragmatic issues in design and implementation of a psychotherapy outcome study.

Studies of the outcome of psychotherapy are becoming an important part of health policy development, cost control, and program evaluation. The authors describe steps in the design and implementation of an outcome study, including the selection of measurement instruments, the role of human subject review boards, the cost of the study and the desirability of computerization, the time frame for collecting data, and methods of keeping track of the data. They emphasize the importance of staff cooperation and discuss ways it can be fostered. They also stress the need for periodic reviews and identify issues that should be addressed in such reviews to keep the study on course.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1978

Ethno-behaviorism and the culture-bound syndromes: the case of Amok.

The phenomenon of amok is reviewed in order to demonstrate the heuristic value of an ethno-behavioral model of culture-bound syndromes. The notion that culture-bound syndromes share underlying common disease forms is rejected. Instead, the ethno-behavioral model postulates that culture-bound syndromes consist of culturally specific behavioral repertoires legitimated by culturally sanctioned norms and concepts, but with both behavior and norms acquired in accordance with basic principles of human learning universal to all cultures. Consistent with this model, amok is shown to be a common behavioral pathway for multiple precipitants (which may or may not include disease pathology), but with a distinct form and conceptualization which can be traced to the social learning practices and beliefs of the Malay.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

Behavior therapy and the treatment of flight phobia.

Research since 1960 was reviewed to compare the relative efficacy of behavior therapy and other therapy modalities in the treatment of flight phobias in trained military aircrew, commercial flight crews, and civilian air travellers. Results indicated that treatment programs involving behavior therapy techniques appeared to have a higher success rate than treatment programs not involving these techniques, especially in cases of focal fear with acute onset under stressful conditions. Other conditions for optimal outcome are outlined and hypotheses for a more programmatic research effort discussed.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1977

Psychiatric sequelae of Amok.

The authors present evidence of an indigenous diagnostic system by which Malay culture defines Amok, and of the disparate relations between individual conceptualization, behavior, and tradition which contributes to the labeling process. Amok is viewed as a cultural prescription for violent behavior in response to a given set of conditions. It is not a disease but rather a behavioral sequence, perceived as illness, that may be precipitated by various etiological factors. Finally, evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that traditional forms of Amok are being replaced by new variants in which psychopathology is increasingly evident.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

In search of the true amok: amok as viewed with the Malay culture.

In an attempt to discover how the phenomenon of amok is viewed within its indigenous culture, the authors studied and interviewed 21 subjects in West Malaysia who were labeled as amok. This investigation showed that both the subjects and the Malay culture view amok as psychopathology, that amok cases are disposed of in line with this view, and that the behavior of the amok person conforms to social expectations of the phenomenon. Despite cultural proscriptions, however, the act is purposive and motivated and is subtly sanctioned by Malay society.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Interpersonal discrimination as a function of age and psychopathology.

Self-distinctiveness scores from the Interpersonal Discrimination Task were obtained on 87 normal and 92 psychiatric patients ranging in age from 16 to 44. As predicted, self-distinctiveness in normals increased from the 2nd to 3rd decade, then declined progressively thereafter. By contrast, patients' self-distinctiveness scores were significantly lower than normals' during the 3rd decade and higher than normals' thereafter. The results were interpreted in terms of patients' tendencies to view themselves as discrepant with age-specific societal expectancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A-B therapist characteristics vs. psychotherapy outcome: current status and prospects.

For more than 10 years much of the research into the effects of therapist characteristics on psychotherapy outcome has focused on the "A-B" variable. Various A-B scales have been used to predict differential process and outcome of A and B therapist with schizophrenics and neurotics, respectively. Although significant results frequently have been reported, findings of different studies have seemed to contradict each other, and most independent replication attempts have failed. Since reliable differences in outcomes achieved by various therapists-patient pairings have not been demonstrated, the confusing proliferation of theories concerning what A-B factors "make the difference" seems rather premature. A review of outcome and process studies in this area indicates that the phenomena under investigation are much more complex than is reflected in the previous A-B hypotheses. Therapist A-B scores do not predict every kind of success with every kind of patient generically labeled "schizophrenic" or "neurotic" in every kind of treatment program. This conclusion need not arouse pessimism regarding the value of further A-Bresearch, but it clearly demands greater specificity in hypotheses and in research design. The failure of many recent studies to include true B type therapists has made their findings irrelevant to the A-B hypotheses, and has raised the question of whether the B therapist has become "extinct." To provide further information about this phenomenon of the vanishing B therapist, the present authors conducted a survey of all Seattle psychiatrists in private practice. The survey yielded a total distribution of A-B scores which is not significatly skewed in either the A or B direction. However, most of the B's had graduated from residency training prior to 1960, while most of the A's had graduated in more recent years. These results suggest that, although current residency programs may not have enough B doctors for meaningful A-B research, such doctors do exist in the community.

Female↗
PubMed1975

The role of cognitive process in social interaction.

This paper reports on a series of studies designed to investigate the hypothesis that the success of a social interaction is function of the compatibility among the participants in complexity or degree of differentiation of their cognitive structure. Patient-therapist cognitive compatibility is shown to predict the success of treatment outcome. Its role in the teacher-student relationship in mental health training is more complex: the teacher's cognitive structure appearing to be a primary variable. In community action groups, cognitive compatibility determines the nature and type of decisions or behaviors carried out by the group. The resarch emphasizes the need for increased familiarity with cognitive research among social psychiatrists.

Cognition↗